The Brooklyn Daily Eagle from Brooklyn, New York • Page 29

THE BROOKE DAILY EAGEE. THIRD SECTION 1 PAGES 29 TO 42. VOL. 60. NO.

27. IE; YORK, SUNDAY, JANUARY 28, 1900. I THIRD SECTION BAILBOADS CAN COMBINE. PROSPECT AVENUE OWNERS THE REV. MR.

SHELDON'S CHRISTIAN DRILY. MANY CURIOUS SCHEMES FOR BORING TUNNELS. tend that so long as testimony was admitted to show he was sane I should have been allowed to show he was insane." Justice Marean It Is then a question ot teasouable doubt as to the sanity of the convicted man? Mr. Hirsh That is it. exactly.

Mr. Elder still contended that Mr. Hirsh must bring on a new motion with additional evidence for the defendant. Justice Marean took the paper? and reserved decision. under way the American genius was about exhausted on tliis point, so that all that is looked for in connection with the New York enterprise is some Improvements in the kind of machinery employed.

The cost of tunnel construction has decreased to a wonderful degree in the past twenty or thirty years. Many a man was ruined financially by becoming involved in the Chicago drainage canal contract, and the early history of this enterprise Is marked by constant failures; These very conditions started many bright minds to work on the problem, with the result that many labor saving devices were invented and applied for the first time on that undertaking. The cost of excavating rock was brought down about 50 per cent. Only ten years ago, $1 per yard was considered a low price for removing rock, even in large quantities, but on some parts of the drainage canal the contractors did this work for CO cents a yard. A number of freak schemes have been patented in order to furnish the tunnel to connect Brooklyn and New York.

Many of these were based on the general plan of laying enormous pipes on the bed of the East River, through which traffic was to proceed. As far 6ack as 1840 this same project was put forward for connecting England and France by way of the English Channel. The idea was to construct sections of metal cylinders, stopping up the ends temporarily, floating the pieces out Into tho river and lowering them to ttreir proper places. Divers were then to be employed to make the connection secure a hydraulic pump to suck it out, but where rocks, mud, boulders and sand are apt to be encodtered in turn it is necessary to resort to hand labor. A machine that would work well in one material would be a direct failure in another.

At such parts of the New York tunnel, where it will be possible to obstruct a considerable stretch of territory, Mr. McDonald will be able to employ steam shovels in excavating. This Is the most common method used In removing material which is soft enough to dig without blasting. In fact, it iB almost the only course followed where a large amount of earth has to be removed in open ground. The steam shovel is mounted on one end of a flat railroad car, the other end being occupied by the machinery and power for operating the apparatus.

A turn table is provided on the car and running out from it is a long boom arm equipped with a monster steel dipper or scoop holding three fourths of a cubic yard of material. The car is braced against a backward movement by means of jacks and the dipper is dropped to the bottom of the bank and then scraped upward, being full on reaching the top. The car is then backed and the turn table operated to bring the projecting arm over the spot where the material is dumped. This scheme is employed by the railroads in digging the ditches through which their tracks are laid. An English inventor made a novel proposition once for softening earth that is to be excavated, so that it could be taken out in the shape of mud.

According to his scheme a Georgia Judge Refuses to Enjoin a Proposed Consolidation. Macon, January 27 In the case ot Dady against the" Georgia and Alabama Railroad, Judge Speer to day refused the injunction sought to prevent the consolidation of the Seaboard Air Line system. He referred to the fact that causes substantially similar were pending in the fed era! jurisdictions of Virginia and North Carolina, holding that the court which first took cognizance of the case should carry it to its termination. Holding that the plaintiffs were privy with Thomas F. Ryan in his suits in the jurisdictions referred to.

he held that those tribunals were' the proper ones for him to resort to, the same issues being involved. He further held that onlv a majority vote of stock holders was necessary for such consolidation in Georgia and that it was not properly maintainable that because the dcrenaant, John SUelton Williams, occupied the position of a member of the vnting trust, president of the Georgia and Alabama and of the Florida Central and Peninsular, that merger or consolidation brought about through his instrumentality should be enjoined. TRYING TO SAVE FERRARO. Lawyer Hugo Hirsh Making a Strong Plea in Behalf of the Italian Convicted of Murder. Antonio Ferraro.

an Iialian. was convicted before Justice Wilmot M. Smith in criminal term of the Supreme Court on April 19 last of murder in the first, degree for killing Luciano Musaccio bv cutting his throat with a razor at 46 Front street after a beer drinking bout. The case was appealed by Lawyer Hugo Hirsh, who was assigned to the case. The Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction although a strong argument was made by Lawyer Hirsh that Ferraro was insane at the time he killed Musaccio.

Yesterday morning, before Justice Josiah T. Marean, Supreme Court, special term. Assistant District Attorney Robert F. Elder applied to have the judgment of the Court of Appeals made the judgment of the Supreme Court here. Lawyer Hirsh said that he did not oppose the PROSPECT AVENUE PAVEMENT.

At the Corner of Eleventh Avenue. and water tight. This is the same proposition that has been proposed for making an under water passage between New York and Brooklyn, but no contractor has been found willing to invest his money in attempting to carry it into effect. Another patent was taken out on an invention of the same character, but even less practical. It proposed the construction of a series of pipes to stretch from shore to shore, anchored to the bottom in places so that, they would not float.

Of course it would be impossible for a heavy object, such as a train, to pass through a tunnel of this kind. The Housic tunnel, which at the date of Its construction was considered Work Begun Too Soon After the Street Cut Was Filled In. ENGINEER LEWIS EXPLAINS. No Law to Prevent the Bemoval of Sand Prom Abutting Prop erty. Elsewhere In this page may be found photographs of sections of Prospect avenue, between Ninth avenue and the old city line.

These photographs were brought to the Eagle office by Theodore Kendall, a lawyer whoso offices are in the Twenty sixth Ward Bank Building and who represents property holders along the line of Prospect avenue. The pictures are intended to show that the paving of Prospect avenue is in a wretched condition. This pavement was laid between 1S91 and 1897 and the property owners say that for the length of time the pavement has been down they do not think they got the worth of their money. An Eagle reporter yesterday afternoon walked over the length of the street between Ninth avenue and the old city line and found that the photographs do not in any way belie the condition of the street. For a short distance beyond Ninth avenue the pavement, which, by the way, is of cobble stones the whole distance, is in fairly good condition.

Beyond Eleventh avenue, however, the paving stones have in some cases sunk entirely out of sight, the curb at times is broken down, in two instances wash outs have entirely undermined the road and washed away the sides, and for the whole length the surface of the street is uneven in the extreme. Between Eleventh avenue and the. city line the street is flanked on each side by deep sand pits, from SO to 100 feet deep, while all along the sides of the street it is apparent that the land has been used as a general dumping ground. Prospect avenue begins at Hamilton and Third avenues and runs in a general southeasterly direction to the old city line. Then, according to the maps, the street turns a little to the south and runs through Windsor Terrace, across Seele place, Vanderbilt place and Greenwood place to the Ocean Parkway at Fort Hamilton avenue.

In intention. Prospect avenue, between the end of the Ocean Parkway and the city line is a continuation of the Parkway. At present, the street is opened only between Hamilton avenue and the old city line, and is a blind street. I. N.

Lewis, engineer of the Department of Highways, told an Eagle reporter yesterday afternoon that he knew perfectly well in what condition Prospect avenue was. "The paving of the avenue was begun in 1891," said he. "three years before I came into the department. The contractor was A. E.

Donovan and tbe amount paid for the whole contract bctwen Ninth avenue and the old city line was $22,000. The street was a hard one to pave and the contract called for grading and paving, when it should have provided for grading only, the paving to be left until a later time. For the first part of the distance there was a cut necessary to get to the street grade. For the last half of the distance there was a fill anywhere from 80 feet to 100 feet necessary to get to the street grade. This fill was the result of the digging for sand that had been done by the owners of the land before this street was opened.

Originally the land at the southerly end of the street was higher than the street grade, but sand being valuable, the embankment had gradually been reduced until, as I have said, the street grade was some 80 feet above the actual level. "As might have been expected, the contractor was a long time getting this fill made. When made, Donovan, according to his contract, went right ahead with the paving. Now, an embankment will settle for years after having been made, and that is why the pavement is now entirely out of line. The contract should not have provided for paving immediately subsequent to the grading.

Moreover, the street being a blind one. without traffic, as soon as it was declared open after the contractor had finished his work, it came Into immediate use as a general dumping ground. The city used It, and people who had dug cellars dumped the dirt along side. Farther down the street the people who owned the sandbanks continued to excavate, with the result that the embankment began to fall away at the sides. I consulted with the Corporation Counsel, but found that the owiiers of adjacent property had the right to cut right up to the street line, and downward in a straight line to the center of the earth, if they so desired.

So at present, and until the people have sold all the sand, there is nothing that can be done. "What I should like to see done would be to open the avenue through to the Ocean parkway, and then make it a well paved street all the way from Hamilton avenue to tho city line. Then the city would have a through street from Coney Island to the Hamilton Ferry. "As for the contractor who did tho work PROSPECT AVENUE PAVEMENT. At the End of the Street.

largo pipe was run from the center of a roof shield from which jets of water were fired into the mass of earth in front, reducing it to mud. The surplus water was carried off by a pipe running back from the middle of the shield. There are a number of devices for removing soft mud, such as is found under the beds of rivers. Several million of dollars have been spent on the tunnel under the Hudson River, in New York City, where most ot the earth taken out consisted of mud. The name most prominently connected with this kind of tunneling, however, is that of Greathead, the Englishman.

His principal scheme proposed the construction of underground passages in shape and burrowed out by means of shields. This consisted of a strong cylinder of metal with an inside diameter a little greater than the outside diameter of the proposed tunDel. A number of openings with bolted doors were provided at the fore end of the shield. Hydraulic pressure was employed to force the shield forward, and as this was done the doors would be opened allowing the mud to rush through them. This material would then be removed by hand labor, and at the same time the metal sections that formed the tunnel were put in place.

Water was kept, out of the passage by means of compressed air, the applied pressure being sufficient to keep the water in check. After the tunnel was completed it was made as complete as possible and a conduit laid at the lowest point tc catch the water, after which a pump was provided to pump it out. A novel scheme was proposed some time ago for running a hole through an embankment. It consisted of a monster steel augur, protected by a wide hood and operated by steam or hydraulic power. The object of the hood was to prevent walls from falling in as the auger advanced.

This invention has been used with success in constructing small tunnels in mines, but it has not been tried to any extent In railroad work or undertakings of "any importance. When rock is encountered in excavating there is nothing to do but resort to blasting and then removing the pieces by hand. This is the way most of the work was done on the Chicago canal, which was laid along a route composed almost wholly of stone. The soft sections of the canal were removed by steam shovels, and a short part which went through a marsh was treated with hydraulic mud pumps. This consisted of a pipe, which was let down to the bottom of the river, having on the end a revolving cutter to stir up the material.

Powerful suction pumps carried the material through the pipe and up to the bank, where it was deposited. But, as before stated, the great part of the route consisted of stone, which had to be blasted Something of the Plans and Purposes of the Topeka Clergyman. ROLE OF CHRISTIAN ACTORS. Author of "In His Steps" Believes th' Stage Could Be Made an Instrument of Good. (Correspondence of the Eagle.) Topeka.

January 24 Whatever th: outside world may think of the Rev. Charle M. Sheldon and his plan of assuming charge of Topeka's leading newspaper for a weelS' Rev. Charles M. Sheldon.

that he may devote its columns to a promttl gation ot the teaching of Christ as he sees' it, the 40,000 inhabitants of this city believo most heartily and frankly in tho sincerlty of the man and hiB motive. What tho outcomeof the experiment will be is problematic; but the interest which it has aroused has spread throughout the Christian world. The question of personal profit to Mr. Sheldon is eliminated and with that assertion is banished the rumors spread, to the effect that personal euds had their part in conception of the scheme. The proprietors of the Capital have placed their paper, plant and general office staff at the disposal of Mr.

Sheldon for six days, beginning March 13, with the understanding that all Income, over and above the actual operating expenses, shall be devoted to philanthropic work. The world at large has come to know tho Rev. Mr. Sheldon mors intimately and widely through his book. "In His Steps," which has found a wide circle of readers, not only here, but across the water and wherever the English language is spoken.

There is an undercurrent of positiveness and assertion in that volume which prepares one, in a measure, for the impression which contact with the author gives. One feels with the printed pages of the book before him that the author writes of what he knows and feels to be the truth. Across the study table from Mr. Sheldon one is soon convinced that the man before him has felt and seen what other lives' have known that he is no dreamer, but of a strong and eminently practical personality. A deep and unquestioned sincerity has characterized his work in Topeka, and exceeding' modesty withal.

He has effaced self in his, Christian labors; his views are not paraded' for other than the most disinterested mo tlves. Frankness is ndelibly impressed upon' his every word and action. A man of scholars ly attainments, a graduate of Phillips Acad emy at Andover and of Brown University, a New Englander by birth, a man of Puritan inheritance, earnest and democratic Mr. Sheldon has been broadening his field of labor until its scope has come to include the great reading public of the world. It was at the Christian Endeavor convention, held In Detroit in July, that the first idea of running a daily newspaper upon tho lines now proposed for the six issues of the Capital was broached.

Mr. Sheldon's publications had attracted wide attention and interest, and his services at the convention were unusual attractions. At. one of these meetings he asked if, in the present age of philanthropy and the munificent endowment of public institutions, there could not be found some one who recognized the potency of the daily press to uplift the moral plane of civilization and the world sufficiently to give $1,000,000 for the founding of a great daily Christian paper. The thought found root in the place where Mr.

Sheldon and his work were best known, and while the $1,000,000 were not forthcoming, the opportunity of trying tho experiment for a limited time was afforded. The Capital, it may he said, has taken up the Idea purely as an experiment, in a sort of sci entitle way. The paper is a morning one. and the question as to how the six publications are to be made without the preparation or publication ot at least one issue upon Sunday is one which must be solved by Mr. Sheldon In person.

While "In His Steps" has been dramatized in London, repeated requests for a similar privilege from American playwrights has, so far, met with refusal, not because Mr. Sheldon; in any way disparages the part the stags might bear in Interpreting themes of Chris tian spirit, but because he does not think tho; time has come in which the proper interpretation can he given to such sacred works. In order to reach such a state, Mr. Sheldon said that he was convinced there should be estab lished a school for actors whose aims and am bitions tended to such an end. With such a' force, entirely proper interpretations could bei given to plays of spiritual significance and: high moral and Christian character.

WhUo Mr. Sheldon said no plans for such a schoot.i had taken form In his mind, he yet could see; and predict for such a scheme the greatest Christian good. It was upon this same line of reasoning that his present idea of the Christian daily: newspaper was forwarded. From his con versa it is plain to note that the aim he fore him is adjustment of modern life in all! its phases to the highest Christian spirit, la; short, Sheldon firmly believes that it is not) impossible to follow in Christ's footsteps la almost a literal sense. His plan Is of an adjustment of the life of to day the world's Ufa to a high Christian ideal.

"What woultt Jesus do?" is to be the policy of this daily issue for a week. Mr. Sheldon has been invited to visit Eng i land for the purpose of lecturing there; but his consent was only gained through the' promise of his hosts that no admission fee should be charged to any of his lectures or services at which he should preside. As ho himself expressed It, he wants every barrier to the truth of Christ's teaching removed and the way made as easy as possible. Mr.

Sheldon has been in tho pulpit of tho Central Congregational Church here for tho past, eleven years. He is now 41 years of age. Very early in his religious work in this city, which Is his first large parish charge, ho demonstrated In a most practical manner his Inherent propensity to get his knowledge at first hand, to see with his own eyes, the conditions of lffe which surrounded him. The life in the great shops of tho Santa Fe Railroad system, which are located here, interested him. Mr.

Sheldon secured the humble position of wiper there, not as tho Rev. Mr. Sheldon, but as plain Sheldon, workman. Here he remained for a time, performing the work of his position and mingling with the men about him familiar with their home lives and manners of thought and existence. Later he served an apprenticeship on a freight locomotive.

His desire for actual knowledge of existing conditions led him for a time to reportorial work on one of the local papers. He wanted to see the city Its virtues and its vices; but the Investigation was made in no sensational way. Rather was tho knowledge stored for future use in carrying forward the Christian work, which ho had undertaken. It Is this actual knowledgo of the world and Its lives that haR added so much to the reality and conviction of his writings, has made them so human and true tg life. Patent Office at Washington Filled With Plans for Freak Devices.

FEW SYSTEMS ARE PRACTICAL Chicago Drainage Canal Brought Out Many Improvements in Excavating. Cost of Handling Bock Eeduced. Eagre Bureau, 60S Fourteenth Street. "Washington, January 27 The talk of the past ten years and more, proposing the construction ot subways for New York City and underground tunnels to connect New York and Brooklyn, lias caused the filing in the Vnited States Patent Office of a large number of claims for the exclusive use of various schemes for building tunnels and excavating material on a largo scale. It is likely that nine tenths of these patents were taken out in the hope of selling the ideas incorporated in.

them at a time when the municipal authorities of Greater New York should decide to authorize the building of one of these monster underground passages. John B. McDonald, who has the $35,000,000 contract for laying the subway, will, therefore, not lack proposals from patentees who are willing to furnish plans and devices for carrying out the big enterprise. Some of these propositions will be foolish and entirely worthless, while others will be feasible and practicable, and based on sound engineering principles. Experts in the Patent Office say, however, that despite the great number of patents that have been issued to cover special features in tunnel work, there are only four or five methods that are wholly practicable.

So thoroughly are these embraced in existing patents, that it is predicted that Contractor McDonald will he involved in one or more suits for infringement before he concludes his contract. Engineering authorities say also that few of the patented devices for breaking up earth and excavating in great quantities will be tried, but that nine tenths of the material will be removed by the old fashioned method of pick and shovel. Most of the new tangled inventions of a mechanical nature bearing on tunneling are of such an experimental character that few engineers of experience and reputation would care to try them in an undertaking involving such a large sum of money as that in which Mr. McDonald is now concerned. As a matter of fact there have been remarkably few developments in recent years in the way of new schemes for primary excavation on a large scale.

Most of the advancement has been 'In the way of improving and perfecting the machinery employed, rather than in adopting new systems of tunnelling. Several new features were tried with signal success in the const action of the Chicago drainage canal. In fact, that enterprise served to bring out nearly all the improved devices that have been adopted in the past fifteen or twentv years. That they had little affect on the principal work ot however, is shown by the statement that the entire thirty miles covered by canal were excavated by blasting, pick and shovel and steam shovels. An examination of the files of the Patent Office shows that the systems of tunneling now practiced are divided under three general heads, each of which is fully covered by patent rights.

It is more than likely that Mr. McDonald will follow one these. Patents were taken out as early as 18S2 for the plau of constructing an underground street tunnel without stopping traffic while the work of building was progressing. This patent was issued to J. C.

Goodrich and ho was practically the first man to suggest the idea His scheme was not practicable along streets where surface cars were operated, but this objection has since been overcome In new patents taken out by others. Goodrich's plau was to work on one half of a street at a time, leaving the other half free for the passage of wagons and carriages. He first dug a trench on one side of the street, down to tbe bottom of the proposed tunnel. In this opening he constructed a wall, which was to form that side of the underground passage. One half the street was then dug up.

excavations being mude to the point which was to mark the top of the tunnel. A stone or concrete arch was then constructed and the earth again put back in place. The other hall of tbe street was then freated in the same manner, after which the inventor had tbe stone walls and rool of the tunnel. All that was then left to do was the cutting away of the earth between the walls and roof, or, in effect, the burrowing of the passageway. This patent, taken out nearly twenty years ago.

is the basis on which many the modern patents have been developed. A much later patent, issued, in fact, in 1S99, to a New Jersey man. permits a tunnel to be dug from the street without interfering with traffic at all. It consists in constructing an entirely new temporary street surface just above the permanent ground. Heavy beams are put in from the sidewalk out almost to the middle of the street.

On these beams is constructed a plank road, over which traffic is to This permits the contractor to dig out the earth from that side of the street, after which the same method is followed on the other side. With the side walls constructed it is an easy matter to install roof beams to support the car tracks while the center of the tunnel is being excavated. Another invention, patented in 1891 by J. W. Reno, permits a tunnel to be constructed without tearing up the suxfaco any more than is done in laying small sewer or water pipes.

Narrow trenches are opened on each side of the street and concrete walls built In them. With this exception the street is not disturbed and the passage ot cars, wagons aud horses is not interrupted in the slightest. What Is termed a roof shield is constructed of steel, long enough to stretch from one side of the street to the other, and resting on the tops of the stone walls, which are, of course, several feet below the surface of the street, and form the sides or the tunnel. This roof la only about or 10 foet wide and is provided with a sharp cutting edge. It is driven ahead by hydraulic power, forcing itself through the earth.

Operations have to begin at one end of the tunnel, of course, in order to not disturb the street surface. Progress is made a foot or so at a time, and as the roof is pressed forward steel supports aTo intrenched in Its wake and form the archway of the tunnel. Excavation Is carried on as the roof advances, the 3hield serving as a support for the streot and a protection for tho laborers ns well. These schemes represent the general principles of practical street tunneling, and Mr. McDonald will doubtless adopt an improved type of one of them.

The controlling thing in deciding which syRtem to use will be the lati ture given to him in the way of tearing up tho streets. To excavate a tunnel without disturbing the streot surfaco is very expensive and tho progress iR slow, for no matter how many men might be uvailable only a limited number of them could work, owing to the narrow space open for operations. As before stated, it is probable that the major part of tho material to be excavated in order to form the Now York City tunnel will be dug out by hand, employing tbe old pick and shovel method. A number of schemes have been attempted to operate mechanical devices for this work, but they have all been dropped at one time or another. The thing that makes hand labor indispensable in an undertaking of this kind is tho fact that the character of the soil changes constantly.

If nothing but mud wore to he removed it would be easy to find motion, but he asked, under a section of the Penal Code, to have commissioners appointed to inquire into the sanity of Ferraro, on the ground that Ferraro was insane at. the time Musaccio was killed and because the counsel at the trial was prevented from going as fully as he might into the question of Ferraro's sanity. Mr. Hirsh said he was fairly familiar with handorgan Italian English, and he could get nothing out of Ferraro. who stubbornly refused to plead guilty to the crime of manslaughter.

That was the act ot an insane man's mind. Ferraro would not talk with his counsel and would not. or could not, recognize his mother and brothers. Medical testimony was that Ferraro was insane. Commissioners now appointed might find that Ferraro is now insane, and It would be injust to send an Insane man to the electric chair.

Lawyer Elder replied that Justice Marean DAY OP EULOGIES IN THE HOUSE. Long List of Bills Introduced, hut Little Else Bone. Washington. January 27 After transacting minor 'routine business, the House turned attention to eulogies on deceased members. The date of February 10, heretofore fixed for eulogies on the late Representative Settle of Kentucky, was vacated, the time for the exercises to be fixed later.

Eulogies were then pronounced on the late Reprenentative Baird of Louisana. Those who spoke were Representatives Ransdell Eddy Bartlett Meekinson (Ohio), Mover (La.j, Clayton Wheeler Bro'ussard Henry (Tex.) and Epes (Va.) Amongg the House measures introduced to day were: Bv Mr. Glynn (N. to protect labor against the competition of convict made goods also to establish a $1.50 standard of wages for unskilled labor under the government. By Mr.

Lawrence for one cent per pound postage rate on books for libraries. By Mr. Robb to place wire and wire nails on the free lists' Dv Mr. Kahn by repuost. for a tunnel "under San Francisco Bay, with openings on Yerba Buena Island, etc.

By Mr. Dalzell for a bronze statue to Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. NEGATIVE SIDE WON. Former District Attorney Steele Decides a Debate in Diplomatic Style. Former District Attorney Hiram R.

Steele chose to be diplomatic, rather than abruptly courageous at the Young Men's Christian Association last night, where he went in the capacity of judge of a debate. The argument, which was before the Literary Society, centered about the trust question, and after listening to the presentation of both sides the judgo concluded that the safest method of decision and the one which entailed the least personal responsibility was a call for hands. He did not promise to be influenced by the manifestation, but when the elevated palms showed a clear majority for the negative side, namely, that are beneficial, the judge threw the balance of power with the greatest number and sat down in a hurry. Previously, he complimented all four speakers upon their excellent handling of the under discussion. The debate was part of the weekly programme or the Literary Society.

In addition to it, there was a recitation by Charles S. Wilkinson and a vocal solo by Miss Green. The wording of the debate was as follows: "Resolved. That trusts and monopolies are detrimental to the best interest of the people." The affirmative side was supported by Max Corinsky and Emil Schneeloch, while Alexander Fraser and J. C.

Klinck spoke in the negative. In condemning the trusts, the affirmative side argued that combinations did not reduce the price of commodities, because they found the cost of manufacture lessened, and both speakers quoted opinions of Supreme Court judges in support of this and other arguments. The negative, among other statements, set forth the idea that the trusts were but a forerunner of municipal, and ultimately of national, ownership. ONE OF TRINITY'S CHARGES. To morrow morning, at about 11 o'clock, there will be the smallest kind of a funeral from 10 Washington street, Manhattan, for there will be only one real mourner.

This will be Francis Bernard, a young man who, from the small earnings he has been receiving in a printing office in Willlamsburgh, has for twelve years supported his aged mother, Ann. a widow. She died yesterday afternoon, probably from the effects of falling down stairs the day before. She was 05 years old aud this is her only son. Two daughters, it is said, live in Melbourne, Australia, but they will not know of their mother's death until long after she has been laid away in St.

Michael's Cemetery. The Rev. Dr. Griflin of Trinity Church, who has (or years taken an interest In young Bernard, upon learning of his mother's death, ottered to defray the expenses of the burial, as well as officiate at the funeral, and Bernard will follow his old mother's remains alone to the grave, with the consciousness of having done his duty toward her as a son. TELEPHONE LINES BOUGHT.

Cleveland, January 27 President Glid den of the Erio Telephone Company, which recently absorbed extensive non Bell telephone property in Michigan, to day announced tho purchase of three additional companies, that state. They are the Central Telephone Company. Kalamazoo Telephone Company and tho Dowagiac Telephone Company. PBOSPECT AVENUE PAVEMENT. of the Property Assessed for the Improvement.

PROSPECT AVENUE PAVEMENT. Best Part of Street, Near Ninth Avenue. Some sne of the greatest engineering feats of the time, is four and a half miles long and cost $13,000,000. A. E.

A. THESE MEN WILL TEST COINS. Washington, January 27 President Mc Kinley has designated the following as commissioners to test and examine the weight and fineness of the coin received at the several mints during the calendar year 1899: Senator John P. Jones, Representative E. J.

Hill, Dr. H. S. Pritchett. Superintendent Coast and Geodetic Survey; Professor S.

A. Lattimore, University ot Rochester; Pro fessor H. H. Nicholson. University braska; Professor John A.

Mathews, bin University; Dr. Cabell Whitehead of Ne Coluni Bureau of Mint; Marcus Benjamin, Smithsonian Institution; Calvin Cobb, Boise, Idaho; Thomas B. Miller, Helena. Mon. Edward Harden, New York; E.

H. Rich, Fort Dodge, Francis Beidler, Chicago; John H. Perry, Connecticut. The commission will meet In Philadelphia February 14. SCHOONEBS IN PERIL IN A GALE.

Hardest Storm of the Season Nearly Wrecks One Vessel. Chatham, January 27Last Bight's gale off Chatham was the hardest fit tne winter and the wind continued high to day. A fleet of twelve or more schooners anchored off this port apparently rode out the night without serious damage. One of them this forenoon, however, began to drag her anchors and she was being blown southeastward when she set distress signals. The Orleans lite saving crew started after the schooner and a tug.

which was with several barges at anchor, also went to the vessel. She will be worked in under the lee. SALMAGUNDI CLUB. The annual black and white exhibition of the Salmagundi Club opened with a smoker and yesterday afternoon a tea was given, with Miss McCord of Gates avenue as one of the young hostesses. The prize of $150 offerod for the best black and white work was awarded to Charles Proctor.

Among the Brooklyn artists exhibiting are: Charles Baker of Jefferson avenue, George H. McCord and Harry Roseland. PKOSPECT AVENUE PAVEMENT. At Tenth Avenue. could not grant the motion of Mr.

Hirsh. The Court of Appeals had passed on the question of sanity of Ferraro in passing on the whole matter and had decided that the plea of Insanity should not control. Justice Marean The application, it seems, is on the assumption that Ferraro is insane now. Mr. Eider Mr.

Hirsh offers no evidence to show that Ferraro Is insane now. If the evidence that Ferraro was insane was of no avail when he was on trial then it fails now. after the Court of Appeals has passed on the entire case. He should fall on this motion and If he choose3 come in again. Justice Marean to Mr.

Hirsh Was the en tire matter you ask me to hear before the Court of Appeals? "No. The only object of the testimony for the defense at the trial was to show that Ferraro was Insane when the act was committed. We were prevented from showing that he was Insane. It is claimed that if Ferraro had been an Intelligent American the judgment of conviction would not have been affirmed. There was no evidence of premeditation or deliberation in Ferraro's act.

I eon and the pieces picked up by hand and carted off to a distance. Chemists have come to tho aid of civil engineers in solving the difficulty of laying a tunnel through a bed of quicksand. Should McDonald encounter any of this treacherous material he will doubtless employ one of the numerous devices for freezing it. When a layer of quicksand i3 found in the path ot a tunnel a series of pipes are driven along each side of the route and down into the shifting material. Theso pipes are largo enough to admit two smaller pipes, into one of which a liquid is forced whose freezing point is much below that of water.

To do this some chemical is added to the water, which puts it in Buch a condition that it will not freeze except at a temperature well below zero. This liquid is cooled by artificial means and forced down ono pipo and up tho other. This freezes the ground all around it for a certain distance. By putting the pipes down at close intervals a solid wall of ground Is frozen, which keeps the quicksand from flowing In upon the workmen. This liquid has to be constantly pumped through the pipes as long as the digging process continues.

Sometimes a mixture of cement and water is forced into a bed of quicksand, which, on hardening, forms an artificial concrete and keeps the material In check. Equally practical plans have been devised for overcoming the difficulty of working In a place where water constantly collects, as, for instance, in spots below the lovel of rivers. The most common way in such cases is to dig a ditch Into the bottom of tho work, let the water collect there and pump it off. Although some of the greatest inventive minds in the count will doubtless bo at work to turn out new devices for application in digging the New York City tunnel. It Is not thought that much will be developed in the way of new ideas of construction.

During tho long tliuo the Chicago drainage canal was PBOSPECT AVENUE PAVEMENT. The Ash Dump, With Prospect Park In the Distance. on tho avenue. 1 know that the contract netted him nothing at all. All contractors are under a guarantee to maintain paving for twelve months, and he had to do so much repair work the first year, so soon did the street settle, that he used up all his profits." GEBMAN NAVAL EXPENSES.

Berlin, Januarv 27 Herr Eugene Rlchter says that the expenses of the Navy from 1901 to 1920 will amount to maks..