The Brooklyn Daily Eagle from Brooklyn, New York • Page 12

,7 i A 12 BROOKLYN DAILY EAGLE, NEW YORK, SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 21, 1930. I BROTHER VS. BROTHER St. John's Law Stirred by Briton's Claim World Is Teetering on Oblivion Edge Classes Begin Work Tomorrow Two brothers at Lamesa, Texas. R.

Y. and M. C. Lindsey, headed rival political organizations in the Ferguson-Sterling campaign. STATE FARMS SHOW PROFIT Wisconsin's State institutional farms, totaling more than 9.000 acres, made a profit of $38,534 during the 1929 crop year, an audit showed.

Equations of Paul Dirac Put Universe at Door of 1 1 ib 1 1 lamiuim -'T j- $2 i i if 'r 1 i Cosmic Cataclysm to Negative Energy State, but Experts Doubt Theory, Holding Something Is CUT HOP ACREAGE Hop production for the Pacific Coast Is estimated to be half of last year's. Acreage has bee cut 40 states. This important system of states Is called the anti-symmetric system and the corresponding solutions of the fundamental equations are called the anti-symmetric solutions. Sets of Electron States' "If the interactions between elec-irons are neglected each electron may Us in a number of states. The sets of states for the different electrons are exactly alike, since all tne electrons are identical in their properties.

In this instance the restriction to antisymmetric solutions means that every state can be occupied by not more than one electron. This fact has been recognized by Pauli before the advent of the new theory. The principle Lacking to Reconcile Behavior of Electrons By JOHN J. O'NEILL (Science Editor 0 the Eagle i If Paul A. M.

Dirac, the ycung British scientist, is correct in his equations, the matter in our universe stands teetering on the thin edge of nothingness, with no good reason why it does not flick itself out of observable existence into a state of oblivion from which, VERDUN RELICS AT CHICAGO A railroad sign from Verdun and a lantern from a Verdun cathedral are among war relics exhibited by the Chicago Historical Society. Enrollment Totals Pupils Post-Graduate Work Attracts Many Et. John's College School of Law will open tomorrow with an enrollment of 1,850 students, Dean George W. Matheson announced yesterday. Due to the new entrance requirement permitting the substitution of a year's post-graduate study in lieu of six months' clerkship, classes are larger than ever before.

The first year class, however, is smaller. Dr. Matheson said, because two years' college work is now an entrance requirement instead of the previous one year. But the pre-law department has a large enrollment to meet this new requirement, and Indications are that in 1931 the entering class aeain will be as large as It was in 1929. Summer session law courses at St.

John's permit students to shorten their course by from a half to one year. Ttvs summer 210 students were strangely enough, there is the possibility that it could come exclusion principle saves the situation. Every state of negative energy can be occupied enly one electron. If all states of negative energy are filled no more electrons can fall, because there Is no vacant space to Mil. Shows Ratio to Mafses "Dirac supposes that In the universe such as we know It practically all the vacancies havs been filled.

There are supposed to be some vacancies left. Dirac shows that these vacancies should behave in many ways as an electron with an opposite charge; this means as a particle with the same charge as a proten. "He hopes that bv invcstleating the consequences of this view exactly it will be possW.e to understand not onlv the relation of the charges of the electron but also the ratio of their masse. The suggestion is still in Its infancy and the mathematical difficulties appear so grat that even no approximate idea of the correctness of this hooe can be had so far. On account of these difficulties it has been nece3sary so far to neglect the Interactions with each other in their states negative energjy, and so ro definite conclusion as to the mass ratio has been reached.

"With the same approximation there is another inconsistency in the theory. A proton means a vacancy in the states of negative enerey and an electron may fall into the vacancy. This should apoear to us as the simultaneous disinnearance of a proton and an electron. Such are sunnosed to occur in the stars, but they are relatively infrequent. In the approximations Just referred to protins and electrons would be eroected to disappear much too often.

This has been found by Dirac and also by Oppenheimer. A more exact development may remove these difficulties as well. All that can be said at present Is that the suggestion is one of the most Interesting and ingenious ones ever made and if successful should lead to a more thorough unde'anding of natural phenomena t.n has been dreamed of." back into a material existence stating- this fact Is called Pauli's exclusion principle. It has been inferred by Pauli from study of spec CONFIDENCE IN THE APPLIANCE YOU WEAR CAN AID YOU TO BETTER HEALTH! Tho accumulated experience of more than half a century 11 positive aisurancw that your individual cose will bo intelligently and successfully hondled. SURGICAL CORSETS nd BELTS TRUSSES ELASTIC STOCKINGS again.

Just teycnd this thin edge of nothingness is the exit marked "negative energy states." Pa3sasc through this exit would be marked by a cosmic cataclysm and a final flash of radiation so intense that it would be more penetrating than the ccsmic rays. In this intense radiation lies the energy of matter and 11 re-absorbed electrons in the nesailve energy state the electros would be returned to the realm ot in a positive energy state. Need Non-Scientific Leeway The foregoing statement lacks the Kctentific accuracy of Dirac's equations and it would not receive whale-hearted Indorsement of theoretical physicists. Nothin? would re-reive their endorsement, however, except the equations themselves, and they are not even in entire agreement with Dirac. The Dirac equations would mean nothing to anyone outside of the small circle fit scientists who have followed the 5.00 SC.00 S-TECIAL OFFER SIX hand-etched photographs, size 7x11, regularly $22.00 per dozen, on presentation of this ad, for THREE portraits, regularly $35.00 per dozen, mounted in 9x13 portiolios, for necessary to make a gram, and it takes 453 grams to make a pound.

All electrons are exactly alike. They have the same charge and mass. Atomic Nucle i Heavy "Atomic nucleii are heavier than electrons. The lightest of them is the hydrogen nucleus, which Is about 1,840 times heavier than an electron and has the same charje as an electron, only positive. This particle is the proton.

A hydrojen atom is composed of a proton and an electron. Other atomic nucleii are themselves composed of protons and electrons, as has been shown by the researches of Rutherfcrd and Aston. "The study of spectra emitted by atoms and molecules has thrown much light on the physical action of electrons. Bohr, following the theories of Planck and Einstein and led by Rutherford's atomic model, has given in 1913 an explanation of the spectrum emitted by hydrogen. This theory proved extremely fruitful and has given a working; tool to the physicist.

"One of the foremost investigators in the field is P. A. M. Dirac, who has not only been responsible for the application of the theory to many imDortant phenomena but has contributed a major share of the work of making the theory into one logical whole. Dirac is one of the primary authorities in the field ot CLAIMS TITLED ANCESTRY Mrs.

Jane Cavanaunh, who celebrated her 101st birthday at Oel-wein. "owa, recently, claims to be a direct descendant of Sir Robert Walpole of England. troscopic phenomena. Its recasting into the statement that only antisymmetric solutions exist tor electrons has been done principally by Fermi and Dirac, and its exact spectroscopic portent has been explained by Fauli has applied the developed form with success to the magnetic properties of alkalies, and Sommerfeld has explained by means of it the main features of the conduction of electricity through metals. "It Is impossible to stats here all of the successes of the modern atomic theory and it is time to turn to some of its difficulties.

The foremost anion? these has been recognized in its full- significance by Dirac. It consists in Jumps to states of negative energy. "Until recently there has been no suggestion as to a possible way out and the theoretical physicist has had to disregard all of these impossible states. In December, 1929, Dirac communicated an interesting paper to the Royal Society of London in which the hope is expressed that tfrint JffrtMfta lilt JfllWfry t.t yf.f'f ti'rn hinnti hit tuoliiu linititd mitt ittttt at r-itwn fhtti a Ann HHVth gstin PROSPECTn HOSPITAL Inc. 106 Ninth Brooklyn.

N. Y. Na Anu rrfephM MHiih MOO SERVICESinc 1871 Both offers in Sepia nr Silvertosie Adults included. This offer good until October 15 HERBERT STUDIOS 500 FULTON STREET rruni Nevv York Studio 431 FIFTH AVE. 'Sm'a Vlii BROOKLYN STUDIO OPEN SUNDAYS, 10 TO 4 WILL RESUME LAW PRACTICE Gov.

W. J. Holloway of Oklahoma, whose terms expires in January, will resume the practice of law for at least two years, he has an- nounced. development of atomic theories on Dill Hi a ffilllIX THH the situation may be saved. "Dirac proposes to follow out the consequences of the present theory to its ultimate conclusion.

An electron In an ordinary physically observable state must, according to the theory, fall Into one of the physically unknown states. According to Dirac, we should not fear to aomlt the possibility of this process. We should let the electron fall into one of these states of negetive enerey. Other electrons will also fall. It Is here that the atomic physics.

His contributions rank with those of the originators of the newer theory, Heisenberg and Schroedinger. Predicts Behavior of Atom "It is believed, and with considerable support from experimental observations, that the present theory predicts very accurately the ordinary behavior of any atom un Planck, Bohr and Einstein. In order to put across some idea of what Dirac's new theory Involves It is necessary to have some leeway in building up a picture of its meaning and consequences. Picture a negative electron traveling throueh space attracted by a positive charge. It Jumps to a negative energy state and then instead of being attracted by the positive charge it is repelled by it.

It acts as if It were a positively charged particle. The proton in the nucleus of the atom is a positively charged particle, but there Is a radical difference between the negative electron transformed to a j-ositlve particle and the positive proton. The proton has a mass about two thousand times as great as an electron, even a negative energy state electron. This is one of tt.g stumDlingblocks which prevents scientists from waxing en- thusiastlc over the Dirac theory. But Dirac.

himself, was one of the first scientists to point out this difficulty. der ordinary circumstances. Thus color and the Intensity of light emitted by, say, helium can be cal Trlrnhvn Triinfla Eat. 1BS3 Window Shades Newent Crrttfoni In shsde Now Being Shawn FEATURING DU PONT TONTINE AND RADIANT WASHABLE WINDOW SHADES culated on paper. It is also believed that the equations invented by physicists are capable of accounting for any chemical phenomenon.

Few such applications have been made so far, but when mathematical difficulties which are at present in the way are overcome It Is hoped that chemistry can be put on as exact a footing as mathematical astronomy. "In modern atomic theory the atom is supposed to be in different electronic states, called quantum states. The equations of the theory admit of solutions, some of which are observed and some of which are Made to Order Side Hemmed Mrtnorftd and hunt 99. Mde mt hUh Hollind cloth, mevnted en fur- nteed rnlleri; Ires up to af niora. Pli rem mber, then are xtr fine quality Holland ufaadea, not to bo on-(surd with ordinary Pk tradea.

MONDAY onlv BROOKLYN Window Shade Co. 261 LIVINGSTON ST. at Bond not. It is a fortunate circumstance that there is another consequence Science Disproves Theory The other big stumblingblock is the fact f-at under the Dirac the- ory every proton would be a standing invitation for a negative elec- tron to annihilate both. Electrons 'and protons would be crashing into each other, and as atoms are composed of Just these two particles -the substances of the atoms would be disappearing at too rapid a rate.

But the scientists know that the matter of our universe is not annihilating itself at the rapid rate which would exist under the Dirac equations, so they feel that there ls something lacking In It. There of the equations. The system of states in which an atom Is observed cannot, according to the equations. pass into the other unobserved be some agency that Is acting "as a governor to slow down the Meet the TEN. Budget Group process.

they are faced w.th the fact that the Dirac equations describe behavior of the electrons in all of their positive energy states, with an extraordinary accuracy Localizes Electron Elements The Dirac theory aims at the conclusion that matter Is not composed of two kinds of fundamental elements, the negative electrons and 'the positive protons, but of Just one kind of substance, which can be 'either positive or negative, depending upon energy content and other conditions. The theory is followed with inter-' est by the advanced group ot American scientists. In this group is Dr. Gregory Brett, professor of physics at New York University and associated with the Carnegie Institution -of Washington. He agreed, not 'without considerable hesitation, to present the background against which the Dirac theory is worked out and to explain the principal features of the theory.

Dr. Brett's statement follows In part: "According to the researches of I'act Kf Trim It "A wrtn IW Uraraf It' Crf HO JO JM Rutherford. Millikan. J. J.

Thom son and others, matter is composed Try to Buy Separately thePieces Comprising This Outfit! You'll Pay Well Over $200! of electrons and nucleii. Electrons very light, electrified particles. mass Is very minute. It would take a number with 27 figures to represent the number of electrons aettee ana Armcnair in lapestry, Hampton Style Mahogany Finished "2-in-l" Table Pedestal Legs Colonial Secretary in Mahogany Veneer and Gumwood Mahogany Finished Chair in Windsor Stvle Frieze and Mohair Cogswell Chair, Walnut Frame Walnut Finished End Table and Magazine Rack Attractive Junior Lamp, Complete With Decorative Shade PAY ONLY $1.00 WEEKLY-NO EXTRA CHARGE FOR CREDIT Bay direct from Manufacturer Trie same foot-comfort features that hare made Adapto Shoes famous now in the TEN ESE Budget Group. The tame style leadership that has made Adapto Shoes favored by a million smart women now in the TEN Budget Group.

For the balance of September the TEN 2 Budget Group will be maintained in complete siic range, Come in and select from Fall models-just the model you want, in just the sixc yo require. Walk out with genuine Adapto Shoes on your feet and real savings in your puree I ADAPTO SHOES Sim op to 11 wxW AAA to EE Vitif our Foot Swrict P.pui tiimif mtJmr If) direction of Ijtoo Schindtf, poJitihnt, for rV proftionol xomrnaNen and oWvac. LANE BRYANT 15 Hanover Place BROOKLYN 283 Livingston St. I a a i i i i ji-i -j dt i -j ibi -ti ril.iiWk too MaVai nam ajuawni hmw" VW aW Laranl Wkfcar Si A n.iln 182 Smith Street 1 1065Broadwav 1 90 Mvrtle Ave. Cwrrtwr Lmwien St.

All 3 Stores Open Sat. and Mon Frmm Wmmit to Bmltic St. 9 Block, fro Fallot- St. Cornmr hawrmncm St. 6 Great Furnitur Floors Tk Bif Fnrojturt Coraer Brooklyn's Largest Furniture Institution It aaklf lt Kaaaa Hhrfcvar Jaaata.L.

IJaVIt Owawaa Barn. MOnata. H. CajaaraJ AawawaJ. Tat.

Till 10 P.M. Bumsteads.WonnlSpp Ta whllaraa mm MMfml at FWaw ilnrimi naa faOamal. IT M'vrl rail. DaaaHa uiarrtlr awal aa.na.aa aaat af KAMTONIN, it aaa SaJM tm aaaa. dual 1 an), aaat.

AH nnnkU ar kr atalt, a a kauta. taaM an no jli.a.. Fat 0. A. I II III, a.

fnlHlllnaa,.