The Brooklyn Daily Eagle from Brooklyn, New York • Page 4

5 1888, ay, McGowan. Frederick Zorn. Conrad Seimel, Simon blower or moldor begins. Bottles ana window NOT A FOE OF LEAENING. MIDSUMMER PLEASURES.

scopes ana vaxlomj other articles, both for ornament and use, were made in abundance. That tho material had a wide range ol quality i8 proved by the facts that a cup and saucer could be had for philosophy, besides keeping schools open for the use of the poor." Robertson In his History of Scotland, says "During the reign of Edward I. ot England, who to establish his claim to tbo place ransacked the churches and monasteries, and by fraud got possession of every thing relating to the antiquity and freedom of the kingdom and many historical monuments were destroyed by him. John de Fordum, who lived In' the Fourteenth Coulury, gathered tho fragments: and from them gleaned materials which he formed iutoa regular history. His work was received by bis countrymen with applause, It copied In many monasteries, If the chargff against the churoh Is true bow could It be copied and tho thread of the narrative was continued by different monks through the subsequent reigns." After another quotation then we will stop, after giving tho opinion ot one of the greatest French Protestant writers, Gulzot, upon the influence of the church iu relation to this subject.

Hallam (pp. 358 and 359 "Middle says: "From all parts of Europe students resorted to the renowned seats of learning with an eagerness for instruction which may astonish those who reflect how little of what we now deem useful could be Imparted. At Oxford under Henry III. It was said, there wero thirty thousand scholars. At Bologna there wore ten thousand about the sam9 time.

At the death of Charles VIL in I45( tho University of Paris contained twonty flv thousand. In the Thirteenth Ceutury other sprang up in different countries, Padua and Naple under the patronage of Frederick II. Toulouse! Montpelier, Cambridge, Salamanca and Orleans had long beeu distinguished as schools of civil law. Prague, the most eminent of German universities, was foundod in 1350. The chief universitieB had their own particular department of excellence.

Paris was unrivaled for scholastic theology, Bo logna, Bourges and Orleans for jurisprudence, Montpelier for medlsine." Though many authorltlel can ho quoted relating both to Europe and America, these seem to bo sufficient to convince any ouo oi the falseness of tho charge that the Catholic Church lsanensmy of education. This I will closo with the opinion of Gulzot iu his lecture on the civilization of modern Europe: "Notwithstanding all the evils, all tho abuses which may have crept luto the church, we must still acknowledge her influence upon the progress and culture of the human intellect to be beneficial; that she lias assisted In Us development, rathor than Its compression; in Its extension rather than Its confine raent" This is a complete contradiction of our caluminators from oue of thoir own faith. Tc the above I will just add what a writer, George Young, says in Kent's Commentaries, under Lecture 29, p. 192, of the schools of Quebec Prov ince, iu Canada: "In regard to E. Canada its educational endowments for colleges and seminaries wers owing to tho liberality and zeal of the Cath.

olic Church. They have beeu munificent, and tha course of instruction in them has been well conducted under accomplished teachers. Catholics and Protestants are admitted to the best of them indiscriminately and no attempt to convert Protestant scholars is made." Now, let mo close by saying that because Galileo was opposed in some of his teach, lugs, our opponents never seem to lire of accusing us of a uniform hatred of and opposition to teach lug. RELIGIOUS OPINION. Lambert, J.

Koeser, Emanuel Lobensteln, Philip Schmidt, August Wedol, John H. Standerraan, John Guehring, Benjamin Mullen, Captain Joseph Young, George W. Bailey, John II. Clark, Edward Falke, James Kellock, A. Wsrker, Andrew Boyd, George Whaloy, William H.

MacDonald aud others. FANCY DRESS BALL. Tha Kingsland Casino at Rookaway Beach was ioked with people on Tuesday evening last at the fancy dress ball given' by a number of prominent boarders and thoir friends stopping at the hotels at the Beach. Among those present were Sheriff John J. Mitchell, Mr.

George Young, Miss Myrtle Kings land, Under Sheriff Matt J. Goldner, Justice of the Peace Stephen J. Kavanagh, Captain of Police Owon J. Kavanagh, Mr. Patrick Rooney and Miss Kate Roonoy, Mr.

and Mrs. William Valentino, Mr. Johu McGulre, Miss Lizzie Broadhurst, Mr. Patrick Murph, Mis3 Mary Collins, Dr. and Mrs.

John Ball, Mr. and Mrs. James Stanton, Mr. aud Mrs. John Mouagbau, Professor and Mrs.

George Melvlllo, Mr. aud Mrs. John Farrell, Mr. and Mrs. William Chase, Mr.

and Mrs. George Coleman, Mr. and Mrs. Chorles Smith, Mr. and Mrs.

William Ritzlaff, Mr. Charles Ho.Uet, Miss Blanch Hallot, Misses Georgie aud Eva Marsh, Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Nash, Mr. Thomas Walsh, Miss Mary Blake, Mr.

and Mrs. James McDowell, Air. aud Mrs. John Andrews, Gerge Young, Samuel Murray, ex Assemblyman William Walnwrlghl, John W. Walnwrlght, Charles Remsun, John F.

Cornish, Joseph Cornl Jamos J. Flnan, Daniel Jacquiti, nnd John J. Curley, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Myers, Mr.

George Daggott, Miss Julia Jones and George Evans. YOUNG MEN OF CANARSIE. The ninth annual cnie of the Young Men's Social Club of Caoarsio took place at Lehman's Catiaralo Grove on Thursday. The grove was well filled with people, aud tho affair was a great success. The picnic was the anuual one given by tho young men for the benefit of the German Lutheran Church of Canarsie, and there is no doubt but tho committee will bo able to hand to the trustees a jiilce little sum to bo added to tho church fund.

Among thoge present were Justices of the Peace Jamoi Savage, John Wilson, William M. Thomas, Excise Commissioners John M. Nolan and John H. Kumph, Henry Lehman, William Van Anon, Ilonry A. Lomken, Frederick Lenikeu, Road Commissioner Robert Kllcart, Postmaster Richard V.

Ronison. The officors were: Floor manager, Frederick Krlor; assistant floor manager, Frederick Spohn; Floor Committee, Henry Reis, Potor Bul winklo, Henry Butecker and Henry Bulwiukle. A LAWN J'AKTV. A lawn party was given under tho auspices of the Young People's Association of the Mount Olivet Presbyterian Church at the residence of Mr. John Clackett, 133 Stiydam street, near Central avenue, on Tuesday evening last.

The young people and their friends assembled to onjoy the fostlvitloB aud to llsion to good music furnished by M. II, Metzger. There was plonty of light from the full moon and Chinese ianterus. Tuoassembly numbered several hundred, but the young ladios who had volunteered to act as waitresses niauagod well aud were able to supply the demands for refreshments. MOONLIGHT SAIL OF THE EDNA SOCIAL.

Tho excursion of tho Edna Social last Saturday was ouo to be remembered by those In attendance, nothing occurring on tho sail to mar iu any way the event. There was a most genial aud courtoap.s committee to welcome the guests and see that they had a good time. The barge was commodious and an orchestra which kuew how to play music made many feet beat timo iu tbo dance. The Edna Social has given some enjoyable receptions during tho P'st season and proposes to resume thorn next Fall. Tho committee in charge of tho excursion Messrs.

S. Pottit, and W. G. Crltchley. Floor Committee Dr.

G. R. Cooper, P. H. Horton, G.

L. Post Roceptlon Committee J. liublera and A. Malsson. TENNIS PLAYERS' nCNtC.

On Saturday last tho Utili Dulci Tennis Club gave a picnic at Prospect Park, to their frieuds. During the day many sets of tennis were indulged in, the mostexclting set was that playod by Miss Ida Cor rie, who is a rather graceful Dlayer, and Mr, Clarence Matthews, both of whom are experts. Mr. George Foote also showed groat skill in the use of his racket. Among those present were Miss Florence Foote, Miss Moliio Corrie, Miss Chase, Mr.

Matthews, Mr. Tuckor and others. YACHTING BREVITIES. Many Brooklyn VcnmuIs Cruising ia Eastern Waters, Many of tho yachts which have made the waters off Bay Ridge their abiding place this Summer are away now cruising in Eastern waters. For days past Mr.

Norman L. Munro's new stoam launch Say When was the conter of attraction to all yachtsmen of this vicinity, many of whom visited her. Rarely has there been soou iu theso waters a more beautiful launch. Built of mahogany, with a spacious saloon fitted with the same expensive, wood, Mr. Muuro's new launch is a model of elegance and beauty.

The Say When loft Bay Ridge for nor owner's Summer residence on Thursday night. TheschooneryachtTitlal Wave has been chartered by Mr. J. A. Herman, of New York, and is now being fitted out at Tebo's yard, South Brooklyn.

Tho steam launches Dandy and Daisy aro on the ways at Mumm's yard undergoing repairs. John Slater's steam yacht Sagamore, commanded by Captain Bailey, which has beon lying oft Staple ton, 8. arrived at Providonce early in tho week. She is considered ono of the haudsomest yachts that have visited theso waters. The new center board sloop built by Mr.

Mumm has as yet not received a name. She is said to have been designed by Mr. Wintringham, of the Atlantic Yacht Club, and her lines resemble in many respects those of Mr. Roger Maxwell's Shamrock. Her dimensions are: Length over all, SG feet; water Hue, 47 feet; beam, 17 feet; draught, feet Tha new rudderless water propelled yacht designed by Dr.

Jackson is fast approaching completion. Her owner expects and hopes that she will attain a speed of thirty miles an hour. BILL GLADSTONE. A. St.

I.ouia Iady llcuicinber How He Isod lo Cbanc Little Sirls. Mrs. Hughes, of 4,616 Delmar avenue, know the Right Hon. William E. Gladstone when he was a school boy.

Looking at Mrs. Hughes to day, one can easily understand how the sturdy English stock insures bodily and mental vigor In the sevoutles. An American guess at the ago of this woll preserved, strong nerved, clear minded lady would fall short by a dozen or fifteen years. It is more than sixty years since she was a school girl In Liverpool and Bill Gladstone was a rollicking youth. "The Gladstone's were 'merchants," said Mrs.) Hughes, recalling something of the ex premler's boyhood as she kuew it.

"Tuoy lived ia a flno part of Liverpool, facing a park. I was a little girl ot 0 or 7, attending a girls' school some distance from my home. Bill Gladstone went to a boys' school not far from ours. Our paths crossed. Coming home from school we hal to go aloug a way which the boys from the other school also went.

They used to amuse thomselves chasing us. We wore afraid of them. I remombor Bill Gladstone as one of the boys who used to do this. We would run as hard as we cutild. When he caught any of us he would toss us up over his shoulder or dt something to scare us.

Thoro wero other boys worse and some quieter than he was. I remember him as a boy of medium size, strong and full of spirits. He had a Scotch look about him. lie was theu 13 or 14 perhaps. There wasn't anything remarkable about him, and 1 should never have remembered about his running after us little girls and scaring us if he hadn't become so prominent afterward.

My people went away from Liverpool to Wales and I was gone seven years," Mrs. Hughes continued. "When I came back Bill Gladstone was standing in some borough, I have forgtten just where, for Parliament. I remember peoplo talked about it a great deal because ho was so youg. Ho could not have been much more than ot age.

I don't remember that he had studied for any profession. Por hfips no had come home from tho university and entered the mercantile business in which the family was engaged. However that was, I can't remember, but I know thero wns a good deal of talk a' out so youug a man going to Parliament. But lie is elected aud ho wont ou being successful right alone in politics. I emtio to this country in 1851, and, as Mr.

Gladstone bocame more aud more promiuent, my memory would go back agaiuand again to tho time whon he was Bill Gladstone, In Liverpool, amusing himself by chasing little girls going homo from school and tossing them lu tho air." Si. Louis Globe Democrat. A young man named Jim Clark recently attempted to swim the Hod Hirer at Grand Forks, and was drowned. Just as he Jumped In one of the bystanders shouted: "I'll bet you tl that you'll drown." Clark shouted back: "I'll tako you." It was his last bot; he never reached the opposite shore. glass crown or sheet are made by the mow pipe.

What Is known as plate glass and optical class Is cast: and the glass used for heavy domestic uten ells Is the result ota combined process of blowing and casting. The blow pipe In glass making plays precisely the sarao part which is performed by the pottor's wheel iu the manufacture of earthenware. It is an iron pipe smaller at the mouth end than at the other. In tho manufacture of flint glass tno pipe is heated almost to rodnoss, then inserted into tho pot of fused glass, whioh adheres to it By turning it round the workman gets as much metal as he requires. Ho then distends the glass by blowing through the pipe, and the glass being put Into a mold he continues to blow until tha desired shape Is produced.

In this way bottles are mado, ana also almost all articles for domestic use. Window glass, of which thoro is none made in Brooklyn, is blown Into the form of a cyliudor. The ends of the cylinder are, after a cooling process, cut off. The cylinder is then slit by a diamond from end to end, and, boing again heated, it is with much care and labor gradually flattened out Plato glass is mhdo in a different mannor. It is cast or pressed.

When tho material is meltod and ready for uso the pot is lifted out of the furnace by moans of forceps and wheeled up to what Is called tho casting table, whore it is seized by crane and tackle, lifted and delicately poised so that it can be easily tilted. Such Is tho necessity for care and steadiness during tho performance of this task that tho men preserve absolute silence. After having been poured out upon tho plate it is spread by moans of a steel roller. By means of successive utpouriugs and successive rollings the glass can bo made to any thickness. Whore the machinery is less comploto the liquid matter is lifted with a sort of dlppor, which, like the blowpipe, is brought first to a red heat.

As will be gathered from this description, the blowpipe is not needed in the manufacturing of plate glass. After the glass has been flattened out aud brought to the requisite standard of thickness it is moved to the annealing room, aud lator it is subjected lo au olaborato process ot polishing. Reference has boon made to colored glass and the pot glass coloring 1ms already been explalnod. Flashed glass, which has not yet been explained, is thus produced: The workman has two pots in equal couditious of readiness the ono cou tabling colorless materials, the othor containing colore 1 material. Ho makes his first gatherings from tno colorloss glass and tho last only from the colored pot.

The consequence is that tho glass when llnishod has a thin skin of colored material on the one side. For somo ornamental purposes this flashed glass is found specially useful. Much thai is interesting might be added here concerning tho cutting, grinding and engraving of glass, each of which is practiced in Brooklyn, and practiced with skill aud succoss; but these belong to the adorning or decorating of glass rather than to tho making of it. For the prosont, thoroforo, I shall leave these departments untouched. also might be written concerning glass painting; but.

although Brooklyn is nut without lis enamel ors and others who mako a specialty of staining glass, glass painting, cannot in any high sense be said to be a feature of tho industry or art of our ciiy. Beside, glass painting would require a couple of columns of tho Eagle for itaolf. Enough has been said to throw the light of history on the glassmakers' art, and to show that of this ancient industry, hlch has boon a mark of advanced civilization in all the past, Brooklyn was ouo of its earliest American homes, and that in spite of the advancing tide of progress and tho over Increasing rivalry, our city, in this particular, as in so many others, main tains a highly honorable position. J. L.

W. OLD T13IE ADVENTURERS. Queer Enterprise 'i'liat istouisUed London in the tr.ist Century Cox's extraordinary enterprise, which he sot going iu 1771, come rather under the head of lunacy than swindling. Ills fixed idea was to combine the wealth and luxury of Asia with tho mo cbauleal inventions of Europe in a series of extraordinary artificial productions. To realize his monster whims he devoted a considerable private fortune and an imaginative bent which was far above tho common, aud loaded with his fantastic command tho most skillful engineers, inventors, clockmaKers, goldsmiths auji Jewelers in France aud England.

He thus, ere long, saw himsoll in possession of a vast collection of marvels and masterpieces, finished to the highest perfection of the art workers' powers. Cox's schemo was to transport ail these to Asia for sale to Eastern po tentates. Ho, however, kept tho collection not an unlit precursor of those modoru shows which we call exhibitions some nlno years In London, where ho charged half a guinea for inspecting it. Gold, silver, diamonds and other stones wore worked luto all sorts of aulnial forms camels, elephants, and so on which moved and seemed to Dreatho; birds that sang, ducks that swam, game that ran about in a thicket. A castle six feet high, which cost ovor 100,000, wns destined for tho Great Mogul, and a copy of it was actually sontto Pekin for tho Emperor of China.

But debt, with its lengthening chain, fatally encompassed the vision ary; he never could realize more than a fraction of his large scale Asiatic programme only part oi his collection got to India and the rest was sold up in London. Then thoro appeared In 1780 that king of native quacks, the Scotch Dr. Graham, with his occult celestial bed, which cost or so he said 16,000. His house in Pall Mall he called the Temple of Health and Hymen, of which deities he pro claimed himself the high priest. This temple was decorated with glass of all colors, precious vases filled with rare perfumes, statues of the human form divine In their Groves of Blarney costume, and the rest of it His book on the "Principles of Health" cost half a guinea, and recommended cleanliness, moderation, early rest and early rising; sleeping In the light, especially In moonlight; singing, drinking bis divine balm at "only a half guiuea the bottle," and sleeping, first at 100 guineas a night, and then for a 50 tioto, in the marvelous and celestial magneilco electric bed, the flrst, the only one in Ihe world, or which ever had existed.

It was situated in tho holy of holies, In froutof his "charming hermitage." It was isolated on six massive and transparent columns and covered by a vast canopy of brass rods, which communicated with an enormous electric machine lodged in an upper chamber. 1 tho bedposts were Inserted vases of ether, which was first volatilized and inflnitoly subdivided by the electric fluid and then breathed with tho atmospheric air by those who chose to pay Dr. Graham lor a night's lodging. Tho sheets were of purple and sky blue satin aud the mattresBeB perfumed with tlio most precious essences of Araby. Tho electric cylinder conducted into the bedchamber and into every pari of the bed the all divine, eelea tial, electric flra the fluid which animates aud vivifies everything including "She," and in this case, "He," too; for it sounds like a vulgarized antl clira3X to the African tale.

To all this was added the melodious tones or "toonB" of the harmonica, the soft sound of tho flute, the charms of agreeable song and tho mellifluous notes of the organ. Tho farce drew a host of wealthy gulls until 1784, when Graham, showing the belter part of valor, sold off everything by public auction and safely retired with his gains. Ifisf minsfer Jieview. THE XUUHXI1 KOVF.L. The supply of any commodity answers tha demand la quality no less than in quantity, ami the use to which Summer novels are put determines what they shall be.

They are read amid tho hurry and restless idleness of Summer leisure, whon tho only demad mado of an author is that he shall be entertaining. They are hurried through or drawled through or gone through with in a jerky combination of both methods and thoy are written accordingly. To make a popular Summer novel, ono gets an exciting plot, Just now tho more bizarre the bolter, and a good supply of scenery and conventional sentiment. Tho plot is put in In large rom which the swift reader may go as a quick runner on uneven ground leaps from hillock to hillock. The sentiment is arranged between, somewhat in the style of beds of mo33 between tho hummock3 upon which the lame and tho lazy pilgrims may lie clown and repose at will.

What chinks remain aro filled in with scenery. Not very long ago the whole was fastened up In a bundle with a stout cord In the way of a moral, but thi3 custom has fallen into disuse, perhaps because we have come too much under the influence of the French, who have even their vices put up in pretty perfumed papers, tied with gayly colored riobons. so that we are ashamed to be found with packages bound wllb ordinary pack thread. Since tho moral would inevitably bo skipped, it is quite as woll that It should be omitted. So much paper and ink aro saved, at least.

Arlo ISatet, in Book Buyer. The Rev. Nathan Smith, of Ackworth, ha3 preached the gospel for more than fifty yoars. Hols a well preserved old gentleman of 75. He has a unique cure for dyspepsia.

After suffering from that complaint for a number of yearB he cured hint self by swallowing a mouthful of bran after each meal. BEOOXLYN INDUSTEIES, The Glass Manufacture in Its Varied Aspects. An Invention Which Came from Phoenicia. Wonderful Perfection of the Ancient Outputs. There ore many points of resemblance be iweon the making of pottery aud the making of glass.

Tbey are Justly entitlod to be spoken of ana treated as kindred arts. In a former article an effort was made to give a general account of the pottor's art, to treat of its rise anil progress and development, to indicate the vicissitudes of Its history and to connect It with tha City of Brooklyn. In the present article it is intended to do for the glass maker and his associated fellow workmen what has been done for the potior and his follow laborers. Glass blowing or class making in any of Its forms cannot said to be a distinctlTo or lending Brooklyn Industry, although it is woll represented here, and, of all our local industries, is one of the oldest. In the district now covered by Brooklyn gla making has bnen carried on from a very early period.

In the museum of the Long Island Historical Society there are some specimens of glass bottles made in the district as early as 1761. There is some doubt as to the situation ot the glass furnace, some locating it In Flathnsb aud oomo in Gowanus. The presumption, however, is that since 1764. aud probably from a much earlier date, the manufacture of glass has been continuous, within or at our borders. It was not until three quarters of a century later that any Important addition was made to the glass making industry of the immediate locality.

A new establishment was set up in 1S30, and about 1850 Mr. Dorlinger established glass works at Concord and Prince streets. Those works remain, and in the hands of the later proprietors, Hfbbler Rausch, they have grown to large proportions. The class makers of Brooklyn are as follows: William Brookfleld, Gram! and Mor gau avenues; John Dannonhoffor. Rutledge street; Empire State, Kent avenue; Euroka Annealing Company, Gold slreot; E.

P. Gleasoo, Commercial street; Haggerty Brothers, Smith Btreel and Hamilton avenue, and 8 10 Pla.t street, New York; Louis lleidt White street; llib bler Kausch, Concord and Princo sireets; Long Island Flint Works, Mnujor street Jlorgan avenue; Cornelius Moj or, North Eighth street; McCue irl, Morton street; I. Nichols, Sedgwick street: South Brooklyn Flint Works. Richards street, corner of Commerce; Stenger Brothers, Wythe avenue; Francis Storm, North Eleventh street: Jhu Taney. Concord street; Williamsburg Flint Works, Bosrum street, and Stained Glass Works, IVilloutrbby avenuo.

Thero are two which boar the distinctive title of pliiBJ blowers, Hermann Jaeger and Johu Schmiddilt; there are three glass benders, Groiner, Stougnr and Whltebouso; there is one firm of glass cutlers; there is at least one firm of glass decorators, Bonas ASternaii; and connected with glass In various ways there are many branch Industries. Altogether it is a goodly show, and it cannot but bo that the glass lnd.siiy gWjS employment to largo numbei of ourcitiri i ij. There is varie'y in the Brooklyn industry. Tbo tiearnM th i cit to New York gives it some special It is qui'. possible that those advaulages may havs carrij 1 with them a certain drawback.

To be ready an 1 willin; to supply any and every orde has nece'i 'tat i variety and givon development iu ths direction of the prac'icial and the useful; built mus have, to a certain extent, restrained progress in tho di 'oclion of specialties, and hindered somewhat, nt leas', the attainment of the highest excellence In tho ornamental aud more delicate departments of tho art. Some mystery attaches to tho origin of glass. That the uso of the manufactured article in many of Its forms Is comparatively modern there can, bo no manner of do bt. Glass windows, for example, ono of the principal aourcos of nindnrn comfort aud convenience wort a luxury wholly unknown to ths ancients. Tt.e ei an i even th Romans iu their paimiost dnyi had to cont iit themselves with shutters to prompt theTi the elements.

Later there Is real iu to beli mica was used, and later transparent hen. From the remains of Pompeii some have cmclu le i tint glasj windows wore in use In that city, but tho evidence is not sati factory. Glass windows are not mentioned in literature until the Third Century. From a very early porlod. however, tho use of glass for ornamental purposes has been known.

Of its existence among the early Egyptians there is abundant evidence. Articles mnde of it are reproach in tho tombs of the fifth am! sixth dynasties; and iu tlu sepulchors oi the twelfth ilfu.i.vv, about eighteen hundred years before the of our era, tho manufacture of gla is mads tho subject of illustration. Tho earliest Egyptian class was opaque and always colored. Vases of various colors have been discovered, and as early as the Fifteenth Century B. C.

the glassmakers of Egypt wen qui'" skillful iu thoir imitation of variouj kinds of precious stones. Transparent glass begins to appear anions the relics in tho Eighth Century B. C. in tho shape of bottles, beads aud various nrtii'i for per3inal and household adornment. Thero Is evidence that glass was exported from Egypt tlr 'co and Italy in the time of the native Pharaohs Under the Greek Ptolemes anl down through tn perio 1 of Roman dominulo Egj pt maintained' her sup acy In glass and the art was brougn" to a high degree of excellja so' of th3 articles produced being of rare bo 'if.

Romvi writers mention with admiratii vase and slain with vjhllo cameo figures of ilns execution In relief on a blue back ground. In lawr timos tho industry has sunk very low, but it has nevor beconio wholly extinct Legend gives the hmv of thi InTen iou of glass totlie PhcouioianL A i.i a ar or soda, being overtaken b7 i sw a lading was effected on a sandy tract un 3 the hnd" of Mount Car mel, and coot la pots on lumps of natron the sari The Are fused the materia' and ni the If', glass Tho legend is not withou iti "aniug, but there can be no doubt that glass was made in Egypt before it was made in Phoenicia. The Phoenician cities were at an early period and for many years under rule, and the presumpt'on is that the secret of the glass maker's art came to them during that period. However this 'aey havo been, it is undeniable that the Phoenicians madi important advancement and. gave their impress to the art.

As late as the time of the AQtouines, Sidouian vases and bowls made of glass, blue and ambsr colored, were highly prized at Rome; and on the fragments of theso articles found in the various ruins the names of Some of the glassmakers of Phoenicia havo been preserved. Glass has boon found In the ruins of Nineveh; and while thero is reason to bpll ive that the Assyrlana first imported their glass from Phoenicia, there is abundant evidence that they themselves becam? experts at tho art at a later period. In Persia, which inherited largely from the Assyrians, glass vessels were manufactured plentifully In the Dark Ago but in later times tho industry has become practically extinct. Glassmakiug was not known to the ourlior Greeks, but In tho Fourth Century B. U.

rne art had been carried to much perfection Iu some of tho Grecian cities. Imitations Of gems, cameos and kindred articles wero extensively manufactured. Lenses also wore made of glass, and the famous celestial sphere of Archimedes was of the same material. A famous picture belonging to this period, tho work of the artist FauBias, represented Motho, or "Intoxication," drinking from a transparent gias3 bowl, which reflected her face. Long before this time, however, the Greeks had become familiar with glass through the imported material from Phoenicia and Etypt.

We have already seen that the Romans had bo come more or less familiar with articles made of glass, from their connoctlon with Egypt. Undoubtedly, also, tlioy had from a comparatively early time been acquainted with tho Phceuician material. Some fifty years before the commencement of our era the theater of Scaurus, at Home, had its walls covered with mirrors or glass plates. It does not appear, however that the manufacturing of glas3 became much of an Industry in Italy until after the founding of tho empire. Ono of the wonderful sights which Augustus Cmsar witnessed iu Alexandria, according to tradition, was tho body of Alexander the Great in a glass coffin.

Glass, however, Boon became a more familiar sight to the Romans, and the manufacturing of the article, having been commouced. was carried on somewhat extensivoly and with considerable success. At first glass seems to havo been used much for paving purposes in and about the houses of the great, and a kind of mosaic Tfas produced by giving the pieces different colors, A crystal like glass was produced first, it is believed, in the days of Koro. Vases, plain and ornamental, vials for drugs, perfumes and other such purposes, wluo bottles, bowls, cups, urns for the ashes of the dead, hairpins, beads, dice, rings of various kinds, mirrors, magnifying glasses, tele A Vigorous Defense of the Boman Catholic Church. Meeting of the Nineteenth Oentnry Club Its Dlisslon is to Defend the Church History.

The Nineteenth Century Catholic Club was organized at lho resldonco of Mr. Julius C. Sohlach ter, 309 Joffersou street, recently. Its objoct Is to treat various subjects of history relating to tho attitude of the Catholic Church aud to defend the position of tho Church, especially upon the matter of education and free institutions. Julius C.

Sclilach tor was elected president and Goorgo E. O'Hara secretary. The following paper was read and induced considerable discussion: We are constantly hearing that the Catholic Church is opposed to education; that her desire Is to keep the peoplo In ignorance, so that by keeping them In that iguorauce she may longer continue her influence over them. If this is true lc Is a serious charge, and It is sufficient to cause Catholics to hesitate before approaching the discussion of such a subject, but to hesitate discussing it continues only to place us in a very tryltfg position. The only proper way to do is to advance boldly, search tor ourselves aud see what history shows as a witness, and, if lho charge is true, then, ns Catholics, we should right as far aB it is in our power such a condition of things or show the cause of such condition.

But if the charge is not true then as men wo should champion that which is right, hurl back the calumnies which our adversaries heap, upou us. In the first place we will show in a few words what wo understand by education, which seems to bo the same as that advocated by our opponents. Theu we will show the condition of society In ages whon the church exercised the greatest influence over it; thou we will continue by giving an account of tho schools of those days, and in speaking upon those suojects, we shall take most, if not all, of our informatiou from writers of such a standing that no question can bo r.iisod in regard to what is produced from them as witnesses. Then we will leave our readers to Judge for themselves, the truth or fal euoss of the cliargo "that tho Catholic Church is an enemy of education." Education is the developing, tho irainiug of the faculties of the mind, that they may the belter perform tho functions which ure Imposed upou them; knowledge Is but the storehouse, the Held, which supplies those faculties. Tho education or discipline of those faculties shows how that knowledge can be used to the best advantage.

Now as to the developing of those faculties and the gathering of that iuformation tho cliurcii tesehes it to be right, but it is tne pride of intellect, that assumption of a right to act as a Judge upon mysteries which the human mind cannot fathom, which she opposes. Tho error of such assumption to act as a Judge is constantly shown by the chaos which the writings of her opponents produce. As to the gatheriug of that Information ami tho education of those faculties that wo may understand, to some oxteut, how vast and trying that task was, we will show the condition of society iu tho Dark Ages, as they are commonly called. William Robertson, D. in his view of the State ot Europe says: "lu less than a century after tho barbarous nations sealed iu the new conquest almost all the offects of tho knowledge and civility which the Romans had spread throughout Europe had disappeared, and uguin Ihe different kingdoms of Kuropo wore torn and afflicted, during several centuries by intornociuo wars, excited by private auluiositios, and carried oil with all the rage natural to men of tierce manners and violent passlous.

Tho estate ot every baron was a kind of independent territory disjoined from those around it, aud the hostilities botweon them seldom ceased. Tho ovil became so inveterate and deep rooted that the forms aud laws of private war and regulations concerning it made a part la the system of Jurisprudence. Charlemagne prohibited It by au eXpreas law as an Invention of tho dovil to desiroythe order aud happiness of society; but tho reigu of one monurch, however vigorous aud actite, was too short to extirpute a custom so tlrmly established. The church co operated with the civil magistrate. Various councils issued decrees prohibiting all private wars and pronounced the heaviest anathemas against such as should disturb tho tranquillity of society by claiming or exercising that barbarous right.

Men' were required in tho name ot God to sheathe thoir swords aud to remember the sacred ties which united them as Christians aud as mombors of the same society. But this Junction of civil and ecclesiastical authority, though strengthened by everything most apt to alarm aud overawe, produced no other effect than some temporary suspension of hostilities, or a cessation from war on certain days and soasous consecrated to the more solemn acts of devotion." These stops in the petty strifes wore known as the "Truce of God." and this condition of Europe during a time when ihe church had such influence is necessary for us to boar in miud, as It Bhows to us more clearly how great was the task to educate the faculties of the human mind, and gather that information that supplies ttioao faculties with means to work or employ thomselves. With men constantly at war aud destruction, how could lho julsluess of freedom from distraction so nocessary for study be found 'l Tho wouder is that anything was done, and as to what was accomplished we will now present facts about the schools of vurious countries that did oxist, not only of those turbulent days, but up to and into your present century; but tlrst wo will show how scarce and valuable books were, aud cannot do better thau by quoting William Robertson's view of the slaio of Europe, who says: "To tho obvious causes of such universal ignorance, arisiug from tho state of govornmont and' manners from the Seventh to tho Eleventh Coulury, wo may add the scarcity of books during that porlod, and the difficulty ef rendering them more common. The Romans wrote their books either on parchment or upon the Egyptian papyrus. The latter being the cheapest, was, of course, the most commonly used, but after the Saracens conquered Egypt, iu the Sevouth Century, the communication between that country aud the peoplo sealed iu Italy or othor parts of Europe was utmost entirely broken off, aud the papyrus was uo longer iu uso.

Europeans were obliged ou that account to write all thoir books upon parchment, und as the price of that was high, books beoamo extremely rare and of great value. Thero still remain several manuscripts of the Eighth, Ninth and the followiug couturies written ou parchment from which some former writiug had been erased iu order to substitute a new composition in its place. Private persons seldom possossod any books whatever. The price of books becamo'so high that persons of a modorate fortune could not afford to purchase tlieiu. Tho Countess of Anjou paid foracopy of the Homilies of Hunuou, Bishop of Halberstadt, two hundred (200) sheep, live quarters of wheat aud the sums quantity of rye and millet.

Even so late as 1471, whou Louis XI. borrowed tho works of Rasis, the Arabian physician, from the faculty of modi cine in Paris, he not only deposited in plodge a considerable quantity of plato but was obliged to procure a nobleman to Join with him as surety iu a deed, bludiug himself uudor a groat forfeiture to restore it." Also, "Whenever (toy person mado a present of a book to a church or monastery In which wero sovorul libraries, it was deemed a donation of such value tunc ho ottered it on tho altar in order to obtain the forgiveness of his sins." Having shown how difficult it was to get books, we will now Bpeakof tho schools that did exist, quoting only from Protestant writers, that wo may not be uc cusod of bias in favor of the Catholic Church, John sun, In his history of the Normans in Europe, says the followiug: "It (Ihe monastery) was the ono redeeming element iu tuoso disturbed aud again ho says further: "It became tho school for the cuildreu. Hero alono were auy remains of lho ancieut classics or Latin fathers preserved; hero alone wero the pursuits of learning and the lluer arts followed. Here church music, bell founding, the writiug and illuminating of missals and organ building wero pursued. Here, lastly, lived tho chroniclers to whom wo aro iudebted for nearly all that we know of those days.

It was chiefly through their agency lhat such lilorary intercourse as thon existed was maiutaluod. lu the absence of printing and owing to the scarcity of manuscripts, the only way of acquiring knowledge was by sitting at Ihe foe; of some great scholar; heuce uspirauts after learning wandered over Europe from mon.is lerr to uuiuasiery or school to school." Greauo (pago 14 volume 1, in his "History of tho English in speakiugof the beginning of tho Thirteenth Century, notes as follows: "Not least amoug tho si ns ut this energy was tho upgrowth of our uui vorsilics. The establishment oi the great schools which bore this uume everywhere throughoul Europe was a special mark of tho impulse which Christendom gained from tlio Crusados; a new fervor ot study sprang up iu the West from Its contact ith thu more cultivated East. In the Twelfth Cou tury a classical revival restored Caaaar aud Virgil to tho list of monastic studies, the scholastic philoso pliyapraug up iu the schools of Paris, the Roman law was revived by tho Imperialist doctors of Bologna." Prescott's Ft rdiuaud aud Isabella," treating upou the revival of leuers during tho reign of those mouarchs, and mentioning the universities that sprang up aud which Isabella encouraged (ou pp. 3S5 3SB, vol.

1), says in a note: Liberal studios were brought iu tho course et a few years iu Spain to so flourishing a condition as might not only excite the admirailim, but servo as a model to the most cultivated nations of Europe. The Spanish universities were the theaters on which this classical erudition was displayed more especially And again it says, concerning the beginning of her rule: "Few schools wero in the kingdom, but under the patronage of tho presont reign thoy wore soou filled, aud widely multiplied. Academies of repute wore to be fouud in Seville, Toledo, Salamanca, Grenada and Acata, and learned teachers were drawn from abroad by the most lib oral emoluments. At lho head of theso establishments stood Salamanca. At one time, according to 7,000 students wero assembled within its walls.

Every departmeut of science was there studied, as well as polite letters. Salamanca's glories were rivaled, if nut eclipsed, by those of Acata, which, under lho splendid Cardinal Ximonus, executed the Tamous polyglot version of ihe Scriptures, tho most stupendous literary enterprise of the age, and Cardinal Meiidoza, whoso aculo and compreheusivo miud entered with interest into every scheme for the promotion of science, was the Archbishop of Toledo. Talavora. whose hospitable mansion was itself an academy for men of letters, aud whoso princely revenues wore liberally dispensed for their support, was raised to tho See of Gren'ada; the highest stations in the church wore reserved for those who combined tho highest intellectual endowments with unblemishod purity." And fur thor, Allison says (p. 13, voL 3, lu his History of Europe): "Most of thecouvents of Spain ha i endowments for professors who taught rhetoric aud Brooklynites on the Wave, in the Grove and at the Seaside.

Sounds of Revelry at Canarsie, Rookaway, Coney Island and In All the Suburban Picnic Parks. Correspondent who send accountt of social occurrences to the Eagle for insertion in the Sunday edition mtiif have their MSS. in the oftce bfore Ihurtiay morning. ED. The second annual afternoon and evening picnic of theFlatbush Bnnovolont Association, consisting of the employes of the Flatbush avenue line of the Brooklyu City Railroad, took placo at Bay View Park on Thursday, July 20.

Tho park wa3 handsomely decorated with flags of all nations. It was not long before the ground was filled, and the festivities began with dancing, while some enjoyed themselves shooting and others tok a short ride to Fort Hamilton. During intermission President John Kane, in a neat and appropriate speech, presented Mr. Walter Walsh, ono of tho members, with a splendid gold badge for selling the greatest number of tickets for tho picnic. Tho recipient responded with a speech of thanks.

The grand march, dedicated to Presidont Daniel F. Lewis, wns led by Mr. John Carberry aud Mi is Julia Maher nnd In which ulaety elght couples participated. Tho day's festivities came to a close shortly before midnight, whon all left for home, well pleased with their day's outing. The officors and members wero complimented for their endeavors to promote the pleasures of their friends, whicli thoy cortainly did.

Thero was not an incident of any kind occurred to mar the pleasure of anyone. Among those present were Supervisor William M. Lynam, Road Commissioner and Mrs. Henry Hesterborg, Kxclso Commissioner and Mri. John Kane, Mr.

and Mrs. Richard O'Grndy, llartiu Alorau, Misses B. and K. Cul laghan. Sir.

and Mrs. Gus Dunbar, John Haley, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Haywood, Mr. and Mrs.

Cornelius Miaturn, and Mrs. Benjamin Bennett, Thomas Callaghan, Mr. and Mrs. James Nelson, Patrick lloouey, Mr. and Mr3, Louis Brandt, Mr.

and Mrs. Timothy Walsh, Mr. and Thomas Lenohan, Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Enrich, Mr.

and Mrs. Joseph Ileulou, William Lyons, Miss Mary Beatty, Charles ICubn, Miss Annie Mustersou, Peter Hnckett, Annie Naglo. Mr. and Mrs. James Fitzpatriok, William Blossfluld, Alary Lonehan, Michael Rocinoy, Miss Mary E.

Walsh, John Daltou, Miss Mary Fitzpatrick, Thomas MurClia, Miss Maggie Miiiturn, Mr. and Mrs. John Shumaker, iMr. and Mrs. Henry Weizer, James McCormack and sisters, John Carborry, Julia Maher, George Doherty, Miss Kate Carberry, William Dempsoy, Peter J.

Lynam, Alexander T. McGuiro, James Fitzgerald, Thomas M. Rooney, Michael Foley, Miss Mary Sliehan, Patrick Barry, Cornelius Shannon, Miss AuniS Bryon, Mr. aud Mrs. Patrick McTague, John Murtha, Joseph Norton, Abraham Smith, Mr.

and Mrs. Dennis Cronin, Dennis O'Connoll, Mr. and Mrs. Louis Thomas Drew, Frank Pigott, Cornelius Knapp, Eugene Munsou, James Connors, Mr. and Mrs.

John Orlomau, Daniel Buckley, John John Moen, Mr. and Mrs. Edward Ryan, Thomas Gibbons, James Smith, Abram Gray, Mr. and Mrs. Bernard McMahon, Mr.

nnd Mrs. Robert Irwin, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Ellery, William O'Keefe, Miss Maggie Riley. James McGin ley and sister, Peter A.

Smith. Miss J. Rogan, William Doyle, Mls3 Pittsfleld, Thomas Leonard, Miss Connors, William Masters'on and daughters. Miller, Thomas Maxwell, Patrick Gannon, Arthur Gall agher, Miss Wolfe, William Bradshatv, Charles Halstead, William Quinu, Frank Bollinger, William Blossfield. Alexander T.

McUuiro, James Fitzgerald, Michael Eagan, Peter lllnckott, Charles Terwilllger, John Haley, John Hosey, Patrick Con nors, John O'Counell, John Maxwell, John Gtbney. James Nolan, William Evans, Joseph Volia, Thomas Finn, Andrew Darby. Edward Hosey, Miss McGinnls, Thomas Quilty, Miss Gregory, Thomas Gorman, William Connolly, 31iss Kane, John Mon ahan, M. McCabo, Mr. and Mrs.

Matthew Shorins, Frank Bollinger, Charles Halstead, Mr. aud Foley. The committee in charge were: Arrangements Thomas Lonehan, Alonzo B. IJussey, Frank Heffren. Floor John Carborry, John Orleman, Jamos McCormack, James Fitzpatrick, William Qulnn, Bennett, Edward Hosey, Patrick McMaun, James Nolan, Thomas Whitney, John Knapp, John Dal ton.

Reception Matthew Sheerln, Augustus Dunbar, Barney McMann, Thomas Haley, Edward McCormack, Henry Ellery, Henry Heisler, Charles Orleman, Joseph Fitzgerald, William Terwilllger. ST. STEPHEN'S UNION FOURTH STAG RACKET. Tho St. Stephen's Union, an organizatiou of young men of tho Sixth Ward, whoso object Is to onjoy life while it lasts, gave, its fourth stag racket of tho season at its handsome parlors, 141 Summit street, last Tuesday evening.

It was given in honor of the glee club of the union, new feature of tho organization. This comprises twenty four members under the immediate supervision of Professor Thomas T. Drill. Eighty of the members of the union, together with a number of invited guests, listened to an extensive programme of music, songs and recitations and partook of tho good things and good stories following. The talent was of the bost, and each performer was loudly applauded at each new departure.

The following programme was successfully interpreted: Piano solo, "Rhapsodic," by Liszt, John II. Noble, who also acted as accompanist; solos, "Springtime" and "Good A. G. Nickolds; recitation, "Tho Texan Horatlus" and others, Frederick Bowne, of the Amaranth Society; solo, "Sweet Angel of My Dreams," J. McLean; solos, "The Bell Ringer" and "The Parish Sexton," H.

Holland; readings, "The Station Agent's Story," Charles Lamb, and numerous selections by Messrs. O'Brien, Bnlgor and Prince, a trio from St. Mary's Union, New York. When tho programme was completed the company repaired to the dining room and regaled themselves with refreshments, after which cigars were sorved and stories were told by tho story tellers ot tho union. The affair was In charge of the Amusement Committoo as follows: W.

J. Coylo, chairman; M. N. Perry, James Lodwllh, Stephen Hamilton and John J. Brady.

The St Stephon's Union has beon in existence yoars, and In each of these years has given a reception each month, several excursions, Fourth of July celebratfooa nnd numerous othor entertainments which suffice to keep the members in good humor. Besides these there are all the facilities in the handsome three story, brown stone club house to satisfy the wauts of any of the 100 members. A library, gymnasium, reception room, pool tables, card tables, a dining room and adjuncts to a club are always ia order for tlio members. The glee club is a uewly organized feature of the union and bids fair to bo a leader as a singing club in South Brooklyn. It has a membership of twenty four, which is constantly increasing.

Tho officers are: President, J. W. Perry: secretary, S. F. Hamilton; treasurer, John Hughes; executive committee, John J.

Carlin, Frank Cuddy aud F. W. Cowley, the union will give its usual ladies' reception In September, lis officers are President, T. J. vice presidont, M.

J. Cody; secretary, F. W. Cowley; financial secretary, John Hughos; treasurer, James Cody; librarian, Joseph Nash. Among those who enjoyed the entertainment were Dr.

Bell, John T. Wheeler, John Doyle, Arnold Frausioll, Edward Breunau, John Kelly, John Dempsey, George Gibbons, William Cuddy, Joseph Cody, Dr. De Castro, William O'Boiruo, H. Ward, John Garaty, J. Mahr, William J.

CoBgrovo, J. McCabe, M. Doyle, Thomas F. Murphy, of St. Mary's Union, New York; M.

Doyle aud others. HEKDEB Ct.UB. One of the nest beach excursions that has taken place this season was that of the Herder Club, of the Seventeenth Ward, which took place last Wednesday. The club 1b composed ot the members of Herder Lodge No. 693, F.

and A. M. The trains from early morning until late at night were well flllod with tho members and friends of tno club. The floor was managed by A. Strathman, who was assisted by Henry Herrscher.

Tho Floor Committee consisted of Charles Trober, August Loohert, Frederick Charles Wagner, J. Scnuoider and V. Wolz. The Reception Committee was William Elbert, Henry Vogt Goorgo Guldo, F. M.

Lotterlo, Frederick Zlmmer and H. Zorn. Tho officers of tho club are as follows: John Standor raan, president; Goorgo Guide, vice president; Henry Vogt. treasurer; Henry Herrscher, sergeant at arms; Simon Lambert, secretary. Among those present wore Justice Moses Eagle, ex PolIco Commissioner James L.

Jensen, Dr. Wilson, Dr. J. F. Valentino, Frank Vick, ot Rochester; Charles Thompson, J.

B. MacDonald. Henry L. Cornell, Henry Vogt, William Elbert, H. C.

Fisher, Hon. John H. V.Dykman, Dr. George LoRoo, Valentine Hammann, John and Edward about an American penny aud that Hero paid ior two cups of moderate dimensions the enormous sum of 1250.000 (6,000 sesterces). In tho Third Cen tury the convenience of glass for wmaow purposes began to be felt, nnd the manufacture of such glass gave an Impetus to the Industry.

1 ha first rtoman writer to mention glass windows Is Lactautiua. Gregory, of Tours, writing a century later, makes it plain that it had become cjmmon to use colored glass for church windows. The Romans reached a high degree of oxollenco in the manufacturing of glass vases, of tho cameo eort, as Is proved Dy tne famous Portland vaso in the British Museum, ana by another found at Pompeii and preserved in the museum at Naples. After tho fait of the empire and amid the general chaos which was tho immediate result, glass making, like many other industries, fell into decay In lis old centers In Italy. But seed, so to speak, had boon sown olsewhere, nnd in course of time the Industry reanoearod In different parts.

During the Middle Ages by far tho most Important glass making center was Venice. From tho Seventh Century onward for sovoral hundreds of years Venice stood unrivaled and apparently unapproachable, and Its mirrors and goblets and cnp3, plain and ornamented, were in demand all over the civilized world. The Venetians brought tho art to a higher point of excellence than it had ever roacbel before. Novor before was there such perfection in tho material; never before was there such variety or sucli elegance of design never before wore colors and gildings so skillfully applied. In noma of the higher departments of tho glassmaker's art, especially in tho mattor of ornament, as may he seen any day by paring a visit to any of the large importors in Brooklyn or Now York, Venice still stands alone.

It is atily fair to say that, high as wns tho oxcollonco attained by the Egyptians, by the Phoenicians, by lho Greeks or by the Romans, it wns reserved for the Venetians to secure for glass mnklng a lofty and a permanent placo amoug tho fine arts. Venetian specialties, however, are costly, and are to be regarded now as luxuries only for the homes mid palatini mansion? of tho great. In the more useful departments of tho art, that, (nmnu canter has long since been distanced by Germany ami by England. Glass making lias nlso been brought to a high stato of oxcellonco in France and in some parts of tho Austrian dominions. It wns not until the Sixteenth Century that tho other nations ceased to bo dependent upon Venice All of a sudden, however, we begin tn find the Industry assuming proportions In France, and only a little later In Germany and England.

Not lo dwell on German or French developments, which havo been steady and enduring, many of the original mnnu facturiii'T centers in both countries remaining more or less prosperous until the present time, it Is specially pertinent to our nnrposo to dwell upon the British. As early as 1557 Hint glass was mantifar lured in London, and in 1505 some Flemish manufactories Jean Qnarrn boing prominent among them established works at what was known as Crutclibrt Friar i. Those works were later removed to Sussex. In 1015 and 1673 fresh enterprises wore started. In the latter year the Duke of Buckingham brought over somo Venetian artists, who established themselves at Lambeth, and manufactured among other articlos plato glnss mirrors and drinking glasses.

Later still glass works were established at Ravonshead, near Preacoit, in Lancashire, and at South Shields. In 1835 36 the Thames I'litlo Glnss Company was established, and what Is known is patent plato glass was first marie in 1K10. In Scotland tho manufacture was Introduced in the rolgn of James and George Hay obtainod from tho king a patent for thirty one years. Glass was manufactured first at Wemyss, in Fifesliiro, and afterward at I'rostonpans and Leith. In KiGl only tho principal chambers of the king's palace had glass windows.

Tho industry is not by any means now in America, As early as 1015 we find John Hmitli complaining of Virginia, that "the labor of the colony was misdirected In tho manufacture of ashes, soap, glass, In which they could not by any means coa.peto with Russia." In 1740 there wore glass works at Jamestown. Va, In 17S0 glass was made at Temple. N. II. In ITS!) at New Haven, Conn.

in 1795 near Pittsburg, and iu 1780 at Cambridge, In 1R09 there wore glass works in Bo iton. In 1813 there were fivo glassworks at Pittsburg, producing glass to tho annual value of J100.000. Plato glass was first made iu Boston in 1853. It is now made not only in Boston but In numerous other centers. Glass of various kinds is now mado plentifully in diff 'rent parts of Massachusetts, in Pennsylvania, in Ohio, in Western Virginia, in New Jorsey.

in Now York and elsewhere; and iu some departments of tho manufacture tho articles produced compare favorably with European productions. In the vory highest departments Europo has the advantage In some England takes the lead iu others, Franco; In others, Germany, aud in others again of a highly ornamental and costly kind, Venice, as has already boon mentioned, remains at the head. At tho last census tho annual output of American glass was as near as may be 30.000,000. The next census will undoubtedly show larger figured. In Brooklyn, as has already boeu shown, the glass industry is old.

It is, indeod. one of the oldest probably the very oldest ia which tho industry has had a continuous exis ence. Since 1701 soma would give an earlier date glass has boeu manufactured in Kings County. In these later years, as has beon made manifest by the naming of tho numerous establishments, it has become an important manufacturing center, ranking among tlio largest within similar limits. It has alBo been mentioned already that tho manufactured goods are of a varie meeting almost overy requirement of the trade.

Glassware for table purposes, vials, bott.es, carboys, demijohns, glassware for druggists and perfumers of evory variety, lamp founts, chimneys, globos, Jars, globes for fish, cut and engraved; bar and cologne bottles, vases for flowor insulators, electric light globes all thosa anJ much else beside are to bo had of Brooklyn manufacture. According to a comparatively recont calculation one half of the American glass was produced in Pennsylvania, one sovonth in Now Jersey and one eighth iu Now York Brooklyn's Bharo of the last being two thtrdi. The entire production of glass in Kings Couuty at the last census was $1,500,000, and the capital was sot down at about $1,000,000. Brooklyu has mado progress in the Interval. It Is time, now, that the reader's attention should bo railed to the actual work of maklcg glass.

Tho process of manufacturing is exceedingly interesting; but it is also elaborate ami net free from complications. It can, thoroforo. only be set forth in a brief and cursory manner. So intricate is the work In some of its departments that one is puzzled at the proficiency in the art in ancient limes. Tho conclusion is forced upon us that In this, as in many other branches of industry, lho workmen aud artificers of remote times wore in full command of many moans and appliances of which we are Ignorant.

The composition of which glass is made, not to mention tho fusing and finishing. Implies a large amount of chemical knowledge. What is this composition 7 Gonerally it may be described as consisting of a certain number of silicates, such as soda, potash, lime, baryta, magnesia, nlumiua and lead, the coloring matter being obtained from iron, magnesia, cobalt, uranium, coppor or gold. Tho composition, of course, is conditioned or qualified by the kind of glass which is wanted. The best glass is that which contains tho minimum of uncomblued silica.

Bohemian glass of the harder kind contains the silicates of potash aud lime in predominant proportions; of tlio softer kind it contains, in addition, a notable quantity ot the Mlicato of alumina. Soda aud lime predominate in French plate. Poiash and lead are the principal silicates in the ordinary fllut, or white glass. The load gives density, softness, fusibility aud brilliancy. The exact proportions, iu different cases, of tho different ingredients, belong to tho secrets of tho glasBtnaker's art The process of manufacturing varies with the different kinds of glass.

Tho first step in the process, however, Is the same with all glass. The first requisite is the melting pot, the making of which Is an art by itself. It Is made of the purest kind of clay and consists pretty nearly' of squal proportions of silicon nnd alumina. The mass, couaistiug aleo ofton of pieces of old pots, is worked up with wator and then laid aside fcr throe or four months. It is after that tlmo made into pots the work boing of tho most particular and laborious kind covered at top aud bottom, with an opening at the side.

When thoroughly dried and hardened in the tur naco, tho pots are filled with tho prepared material, called frit, mixed with a small quantity of cullet or brokon glass. After some tan or twelve hours, tho heat of tho furnace having been brought to the highest point, the pots are skimmed and the molted material la ready for what is called tho Journey. During the molting process the coloring is douo by means of various metallic oxides. What is called flashed glass is produced by another aud different process. It Is only superficially colored.

Pot motal, when colored, is colored throughout. When tho material is thoroughly melted and skimmed and made ready for the Journey the work of the The Boston School SensationOther Forms of luteregt in Catholic Affairs. The Christian Register takes the side of th Boston School Board in its removal of a book and a teacher obnoxious to Catholics: Ths intolerance exhibited by the audlonco at Fanueil Uall whon Mr. Moxon defended Dr. Dur yoa, of the School Board, and when Dr, Plumb made tno statement that a Roman uatnonc could be a good American citizen, showed the extremely narrow idea which some Protestants have of liberty and fair play.

The Puritans asked toleration for themselves, but did not ask it for their opponents. This spirit still survives, but It Is somewhat humiliating to see it exhibited In such a place aa Fanueil Hall. The Christian Leader seems to conside Dr. Fulton a sort of ally of the Pope in tho Boston school affair, which Protestant violence has caused to turn favorably for tho Catholics: There is wo may here remember but little call. on ths part of the Catholic laity, for the parochial school.

Left to thuir free action they would, by overwhelming majorities, pronounco against them. iiut tne priestaoou has au outt or its own, and to this end, oy the powerful agencies it knows how tft operate, it constrains the laity. For this reason the Fulton style of crusade and this was the style at Tretuont Temple is greatly to be deprecated. Another sign of a Catholio and Protestant drawing together is the Mail and xprcia' praiss of a French Bishop for trying to suppress dueling by law and tho Freeman's Journal's sarcastic praise of tho editor therefor: When Colonel Elliott Shenard, who represents the strictest Evangelical Protestantism, dares tfl praise a representative of the Catholic Church foe high and noble Christian conduct we may hope that the massacre of St. Bartholomew aud tho legend ot Popo Joan will soon cease to be regarded as tha nearest approach to dogmas which ultra Protest auttsm possesses.

The Christian Advocate discourages funeral sermons: Tho fashion of speaking about the religious char actor of tho deceased is often "more honored iu the breach than iu the observance." If he wore very bad the least said is the soonest mended. If ho were an ordinary Christian thero Is nothing to bo said ex. cept that he was a Christian. Excellent traits, good deeds, public services, kindnesses shown may without ullsome praise be referred to a fair picture of a worthy life drawn; but to dissect the private experience and character at every funeral, to parade before a congregation last words to every relative and harrow tho hearts of the bereaved is neither edifyiug nor comforting. Safety lies In avoiding extremes.

The Independent answers some complaints of the Catholic Review that tho church Is maltreated In Italy: We put back on the Catholio Church of Italy, upou the Vatican ltsolf, the responsibility for ignorance, vice, infidelity; for tho Carbonarists, Maz. zinlsis, Garibaidiaus, foreign and domestlo tyrants aud atheisis," who havo hated tho church, insulted it and tied its hands. It was that church's own children that did this; and if a mother does no bring up her own children to love her, with God's omnipotence to help her, then it is the mother's fault alone. It will nevor do for her to turn about and curse her own children and take no fault to herself. The Examiner print3 a letter from Dr.

Dowllngou his adoption of open communion with tho following comment: We regret that Dr. DowJing has made the choice he has, but having made it he will, no fully accept all its consequences. Indeed, in words of whose manly sincerity there can be no doubt, he avows his readiuess so to do. His letter is marked by a high sense of honor, and Its spirit will be approved by those who most regret the coarse he has thought it necessary to take. Tho Christian Inquirer coincidentally comments ou tho Freeman's Journal's complaints of popular insult to tho church in Italy as tho Independent doe3 on that of the Catholic Review: Whon children havo no respect for their parents It may not speak well for the parents.

It is true, the Freeman's Journal intimates, that the people of Rome hate the Pope and the priests with a bitterness which shocks even a Protestant, In fact, Rome is tho most atheistic city in Christendom. The Vatican has bred contempt for religion. Could anything severer be Bald in condemnation of the Church of Rome than that in its capital city, in tho place where it has had everything its own way. In the city where It is best known, It is despised and hated more intensely than oven In the most ultra Protestant community? The Evangelist gives a rule for the length of sermons: How long should a sormon bo 7 Some say more; some say less. There is no rule which will work in all cases.

But any preachor who wishes to know how long his sermons should bo can oaBlly ascertain if he Is capable of reading tho expression on the faces of his audience, and will watch for opportunities to indulge In that Intellectual exercise. So long ns those faces plainly say: Go on; don't you see we are Interested 7 he may safely continue, provided ho has not already continued long enough. The Christian Intelligencer does not show special sorrow in publishing the following report: Tho usually well Informed European representative of tho Jfaif and Express cabled from London a week ago last Filday that Pope Leo XIII. has entered upon negotiations for the purchase of an island in the Mediterranean, to be his residence and refuge from the insults and hostility of the Italian government and people. L'Univert, of Paris, considered a good authority, had Just announced the Tact.

The Papacy removed from Rome tho otornal city would bo deprived of much of Its charm. Without tho Vatican, St Peter's, the Chape) and tbo localities and buildings associated for centuries with Papal rule, what mighty influences would bo lost to the Popel The Christian Register has a suggestion for tho Kaiser which is truly religious In tho "peace on earth" senso: The German Emperor has gone to Russia. That Is not the best place for hlra to study political ideas. Far more profitable would it bo for him to pay vi it to this country and embraco the President of tho United States. He would And here thousands of Germans who havo been educated under a better form of governmout; and he would And a very lnrao country protected by a very small Arm v.

He would also iind that whatever dangers may arise from plenty of liberty thoy are not to be compared with the dangers that come from two much despotism. The question of tho relative strength of Protestantism and Catholicism In America is touched on by tho Catholic Review in answer to Dr. John Hall's statement in England that the Catholics were making no progress: Such a statement, as a reproach to any Christian denomination, comes with a peculiarly bad grace from a representative of New York Presbyterians of whom was told by tho daily papers of New York, at the very timo that Dr. Hall was making It, that Presbyterians wore not holding their own in Now York, their members going ovor in mass to tho more fashionable Anglican Establishment. We commend to Dr.

Hall's attention tho list of Protestant churches unfilled. clOBed aud offered tor sale and tho list of Catholic churches opened every week la the year..